Jerusalem: The Biography (90 page)

PART THREE: CHRISTIANITY

1
Constantine. Rise and character: Warren T. Treadgold,
A History of Byzantine State and Society
(henceforth Treadgold) 30–48. Grant,
Constantine
82–4, 105–15; Sun God 134–5; Milvian Bridge vision 140–55; Church 156–86. Judith Herrin,
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire
(henceforth Herrin) 8–11. Patron gods of Caesar Augustus and Aurelian, smallness of Christian religion, Jews as detestable mob, Jewish history as Roman history: Goodman 539–48. Crispus/Fausta sexual offence: Treadgold 44. Avi-Yonah 159–64. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
247. MacCulloch 189–93. Last years: Grant,
Constantine
213. John Julius Norwich,
Byzantium: The Early Centuries
(henceforth Norwich) 1.31–79. Fred M. Donner,
Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam
10–11. On Christological debates and shock-troop monks: Chris Wickham,
The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000
(henceforth Wickham) 59–67.

2
Helena in Jerusalem. Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
3.26–43. Sozomen,
Church History
2.1, 2.26. Helena barmaid: Grant,
Constantine
16–17; visit 202–5. Zeev Rubin, ‘The Church of Holy Sepulchre and Conflict between the Sees of Caesarea and Jerusalem’, in
Cathedra
2.79–99 on early visit of Constantine’s mother-in-law, Eutropia, in 324. Founding of Church: MacCulloch 193–6. Temple Mount, space and holiness to Jews/defeat of old revelation and victory of new: Oleg Grabar,
The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem
28. Goldhill,
City of Longing
179. Peters,
Jerusalem
131–40. New Jerusalem: Goodman 560–77; Jewish reverence for Jerusalem 576–7. Jews: Avi-Yonah 159–63; small Jewish revolt reported in John Chrysostom 173. Basilicas and ceremonies of church: MacCulloch 199; Arianism 211–15. Bordeaux Pilgrim,
Itinerary
589–94; see also Peters,
Jerusalem
143–4, including new name for Zion. Confusion about real Zion: 2 Samuel 5.7, Micah 3.12. Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
73–99.

3
Constantius: Avi-Yonah, 174–205. Julian: Treadgold 59–63. Jews/Temple: Yohanan Levy, ‘Julian the Apostate and the Building of the Temple’, in
Cathedra
3.70–95. Temple: Sozomen,
Church History
5.22. Isaiah 66.14.
Archeological Park
22. Norwich 339–100. Did Jews remove statues?/Isaiah inscription: Shanks 53–5. Arab revolts of Queen Maria and Saracen War in 375: Butcher 65–6.

4
The first pilgrims fourth/fifth century/Hun invasion: Zeev Rubin, ‘Christianity in Byzantine Palestine – Missionary Activity and Religious Coercion’, in
Cathedra
3.97–113. Cheating, adultery – Gregory of Nyssa quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
153; prostitutes, actors – Paulinus of Nola quoted 153; Jerome on Paula quoted 152. Jerome: Freeman 274–84, including quotes on sex, virginity and swine. Festivals evolve, cross-biting: Egeria,
Pilgrimage to the Holy Places
, 50, 57–8, 67–74; and Bordeaux Pilgrim,
Itinerary
589–94. Jerome on Britons: Barbara W. Tuchman,
Bible and Sword
(henceforth Tuchman) 23. Byzantine guides to Jerusalem: Breviarius and Topography of the Holy Land, quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
154–7. The Jews in Jerusalem/Temple Mount with statues: Bordeaux Pilgrim,
Itinerary
589–94. Mob of wretches: Jerome quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
145. Jewish revolt: Treadgold 56. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
213–14. Shanks 57. Peters,
Jerusalem
143–4. Zion: 2 Samuel 5.7, Micah 3.12. Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
73–99. Monasticism: Wickham 59–67.

5
Eudocia, Barsoma, Christianity in Palestine: Rubin, ‘Christianity in Byzantine Palestine – Missionary Activity and Religious Coercion’, in
Cathedra
3.97–113. Treadgold 89–94. Bahat,
Atlas
68–79. Remains of Eudocia’s walls/Siloam Church:
Archeological Park
42–4, 137 and 138. Eudocia and Barsoma: Peters,
Jerusalem
157–62, including Piacenza Pilgrim seeing her tomb. Christology, monastic shock-troops: Wickham 59–67. Relics: Stephen Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
(henceforth Runciman) 1.40 and 49. Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
25, 37. Christianization and anti-Jewish laws: Theodosius I and II: Avi-Yonah 213–21, 240–5; on Jerome – Jewish worms quoted at 222; end of patriarchate 225–30. Norwich 139–51. Creed and righteous behaviour: Donner,
Muhammad
10–17. MacCulloch on monasticism including lollipop stylite pillar: 200–10; on Nestorius/Monophysitism 222–8. End of Hillelite patriarchs: G. Krämer,
A History of Palestine
(henceforth Krämer) 24. Armenian monks and asceticism: Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, ‘Historical Itinerary of the Armenian People in Light of its Biblical Memory’, ms.

6
Justinian – Byzantine climax. Justin and Justinian: Treadgold 174–217. Donner,
Muhammad
5–6; apocalyptic vision of the Last Emperor 16; Yemenite Jewish kingdom 31–4; Justinian’s vision 4–17. Wickham 92–5. Vision and building: Herrin 50–7. Gossip: see Procopius,
Secret Life
. Building: Bahat,
Atlas
68–79. Building and pilgrims: Peters,
Jerusalem
162–4: Piacenza Pilgrim; ‘Life of Sabas’ by Cyril of Scythopolis; Procopius, ‘On Buildings’, quoted in Peters. Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
38–40, including Cyril quote; life in Jerusalem 24–38, including concepts of holy space/churches facing or backing on to Temple Mount. Jewish tragedy: Avi-Yonah 221–4 and 232–7, but c. 520 new Sanhedrin chief from Babylon to Tiberias, ruling Jews for seven generations until move to Jerusalem in 638; Justinian anti-Jewish legislation 246–8; Jews in Tiberias in contact with Jewish kings of Yemen 246–8. Treadgold 177. Butcher 383. Temple menorah – Byzantine triumph then to Jerusalem in 534: Perowne,
Later Herods
177. Norwich 212. Byzantine style of dress: see Ravenna mosaic and Herrin on Theodora and ladies-in-waiting 67. Houses, mosaics and churches: on Orpheus semi-pagan/semi-Christian: Ashar Ovadius and Sonia Mucznik, ‘Orpheus from Jerusalem – Pagan or Christian Image’, in
Cathedra
1.152–66. Nea Church: Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
34–8; Madaba Map 27. M. Avi-Yonah, ‘The Madaba Mosaic Map’,
Israel Exploration Society
. See also article: Martine Meuwese, ‘Representations of Jerusalem on Medieval Maps and Miniatures’,
Eastern Christian Art
2 (2005) 139–48. H. Donner,
The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide
. Nea, last column in Russian Compound: Shanks 86–7. Byzantine rich houses south and west of Temple Mount:
Archeological Park
147 and 32–3; extended Cardo 10 and 140; bathhouses near Jaffa Gate 125; Nea 81; monks in First Temple Jewish tombs 39. Burial with bells: see Rockefeller Museum. Jerusalem chariot-racing: Yaron Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in
Cathedra
1.105–19. Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
73–99.

7
Persian invasion. The Persian general’s full name was Razmiozan, known as Farrokhan Shahrbaraz – the Royal Boar. Justin II to Phocas – decline: Treadgold 218–41. Sassanian king, state and religion: Donner,
Muhammad
17–27. Avi-Yonah, 241, 254–65, including Midrash of Elijah and 20,000 Jewish soldiers quoting Eutychius; Salvation Midrash/Book of Zerubbabel, Nehemiah stories 265–8; Jews expelled 269–70. Sebeos,
Histoire d’Héraclius
63–71. See also: A. Courret,
La Prise de Jérusalem par les Perses;
and Norwich 279–91. Arab tribes: Butcher 66–72. Jerusalem chariot-racing: Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in
Cathedra
1.105–19.

Sassanids rise: Farrokh 178–90; Khusrau II 247–61. Sassanians before the Arab conquest: Hugh Kennedy,
The Great Arab Conquests
98–111.

Destruction of Jerusalem: F. Conybeare, ‘Antiochus Strategos: Account of the Sack of Jerusalem’,
English Historical Review
25 (1910) 502–16. City destroyed: Bahat,
Atlas
78–9. Bones of monks in Monastery of St Onufrius:
Archeological Park
137. Jewish role and Lion’s Cemetery where martyrs buried in Mamilla: J. Prawer,
History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
57 and 241. Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in
Cathedra
1.105–19, inscription on Blues. Massacre myths: Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
36–43. Traces of a Jewish building on Temple Mount, seventh century but dating from Persian or early Islamic period: Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
99.

8
Heraclius: this is based on Walter E. Kaegi,
Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium
. Treadgold 287–303. Farrokh 256–61. Butcher 76–8. Herrin 84–6. Norwich 291–302. Entering Jerusalem: Conybeare, ‘Antiochus Strategos’ 502–16. Defeated Romans: Koran (trans. M.A.S. Abdel Haleem) 30.1–5. Golden Gate – Byzantine or Umayyad: Bahat,
Atlas
78–9. Goldhill,
City of Longing
126. Heraclius and Jews, Benjamin of Tiberias: Avi-Yonah 260–76. First Crusader: Runciman 1.10–13. Heraclius in Jerusalem: Abu Sufyan’s memory: Kennedy,
Conquests
74; Palestine in decline 31–2. Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
73–99. Heraclius and campaigns: Donner,
Muhammad
17–27; Last Emperor 17–18. Wickham 256–61.

PART FOUR: ISLAM

1
Muhammad: Arabia before Prophet: this is based on the following: Koran; Ibn Ishaq,
Life of Muhammad
; Al-Tabari,
Tarikh: The History of al-Tabari
. Analysis and narrative – for conventional approach: W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman
; Karen Armstrong,
Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet
. For new analysis: Donner,
Muhammad
; F. E. Peters,
Muhammad and Jesus, Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives
.

Apocalypse in Koran/Last Days/The Hour: Hour is near: Koran 33.63, 47.18. Hour nigh: Koran 54.1. Koran: Introduction ix–xxxvi. Isra and Miraj: Koran 17.1, 17.60, 53.1–18, 81.19 and 25. Change of
qibla
: Koran 2.142–50; Solomon and djinns in temple: Koran 34.13. Jewish sins and Nebachadnezzar fall of Temple: Koran 17.4–7. Jihad/killing/sword verse/People of the Book/
dhimmi
: Koran 16.125, 4.72–4, 9.38–9, 9.5, 9.29; no compulsion in religion 2.256, 3.3–4, 5.68, 3.64, 29.46. Donner,
Muhammad
27–38; life and rise of Muhammad and limits of his biography 39–50; limits of sources, quotes of Thomas the Presbyter 50–7; beliefs of early Islam, Donner’s theory of Believers vs Muslims and number of mentions in Koran: 57–61; rituals 61–9; ecumenism of early Believers especially attitude to Jews and the
umma
document 72–4; Prophet and Apocalypse 78–82; militant jihad 83–6; ecumenical openness to Jews and Christians – quotations from Donner 87–9; Abu Sufyan and Meccan elite co-opted 92–7.