Jerusalem: The Biography (86 page)

Notes

PREFACE

1
Aldous Huxley quoted in A. Elon,
Jerusalem
62. G. Flaubert,
Les Oeuvres complètes
1.290. Flaubert on Jerusalem: Frederick Brown,
Flaubert
231–9, 247, 256–61. Melville on Jerusalem: H. Melville,
Journals
84–94. Bulos Said quoted in Edward W. Said,
Out of Place
7. Nazmi Jubeh: interview with author. David Lloyd George in Ronald Storrs,
Orientations
394 (henceforth Storrs). For my introduction I am indebted to the superb discussions of identity, coexistence and culture in Levantine cities in the following books: Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand,
Ottoman Jerusalem: Living City 1517–1917
; Philip Mansel,
Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean
; Mark Mazower,
Salonica: City of Ghosts
; Adam LeBor,
City of Oranges: Jews and Arabs in Jaffa
.

PROLOGUE

1
Josephus,
The New Complete Works
, ‘The Jewish War’ (henceforth JW) 5.446–52. This account is based on Josephus; the Roman sources; Martin Goodman,
Rome and Jerusalem: the Clash of Ancient Civilisations
(henceforth Goodman), and also the latest archaeology.

2
JW 5.458–62, 4.324.

3
JW 4.559–65.

4
JW 5.429–44.

5
JW 6.201–14. All biblical quotations from the Authorized Version: Matthew 8.22.

6
JW 6.249–315.

7
JW 9. Tacitus,
Histories
13. This account of the archaeology is based on: Ronny Reich, ‘Roman Destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus’ Account and Archaeological Record’, in G. Theissen et al. (eds),
Jerusalem und die Länder
. City peculiar, bigotry: Tacitus 2.4–5. Jews and Jerusalem/Syrians/death agony of a famous city/Jewish superstitions/600,000 inside: Tacitus 5.1–13. Jerusalem before siege: JW 4.84–5.128. Titus and siege: JW 5.136–6.357. Demolition and fall: JW 6.358–7.62. Titus’ prowess: Suetonius,
Twelve Caesars
5. Prisoners and death: Goodman 454–5. Josephus saved crucified and friends: Josephus, ‘Life’419 and JW 6.418–20. One-third of population dead: Peter Schäfer,
History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World
(henceforth Schäfer) 131. Arm of woman/burnt house: Shanks 102. Escape of Christians: Eusebius,
Church History
3.5. Escape of ben Zakkai: F. E. Peters,
Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims and Prophet from the Days of Abraham to the Beginning of Modern Times
(henceforth Peters) 111–20. Ronny Reich, Gideon Avni, Tamar Winter,
Jerusalem Archaeological Park
(henceforth
Archaeological Park
) 15 and 96 (Tomb of Zechariah). Oleg Grabar, B. Z. Kedar (eds),
Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem’s Sacred Esplanade
(henceforth
Sacred Esplanade
): Patrich, in
Sacred Esplanade
37–73.

PART ONE: JUDAISM

1
Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron and Omri Lernau, ‘Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem: Findings from the Iron Age II in the Rock-Cut Pool near the Spring’,
Israel Exploration Journal
57 (2007) 153–69. Also conversations with Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron. On population and shrine-castles over springs: conversations with Rafi Greenberg. Richard Miles,
Ancient Worlds
1–7.

2
Tel Armarna: I. Finkelstein and N.A. Silberman,
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Sacred Text
(henceforth Finkelstein/Silberman) 238–41. Peters 6–14.

3
Egypt, Moses and Exodus: Exodus 1. ‘I am who I am’: Exodus 3.14. Abraham covenant: Genesis 17.8–10. Melchizedek King of Salem: Genesis 14.18. Isaac: Genesis 22.2. Ramases II and Exodus: Toby Wilkinson,
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt
(henceforth
Egypt
) 324–45; Merneptah 343–5; Israel, Sea Peoples, Philistines 343–53. Nature of God and the two biblical writers: Lester L. Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
150–65. Finkelstein/Siblerman 110. Robin Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
49–57, 57–70, 92, 182, 198–202. Wayne T. Pitard, ‘Before Israel: Syria–Palestine in the Bronze Age’, in M. Coogan (ed.),
Oxford History of the Biblical World
(henceforth
Oxford History
) 25–9. Edward F. Campbell, ‘A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria’, in
Oxford History
209. Two sets of Ten Commandments: see Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5. Two sackings of Shechem: Genesis 34 and Judges 9. Goliath two versions: 1 Samuel (henceforth S) 17 and 2 S 21.19. T. C. Mitchell,
The Bible in the British Museum
(henceforth
BM
), 14 Merneptah Stela. Victor Avigdor Hurowitz, ‘Tenth Century to 586 BC: House of the Lord (Beyt YHWH)’, in
Sacred Esplanade
15–35. H. J. Franken, ‘Jerusalem in the Bronze Age’, in K. J. Asali (ed.),
Jerusalem in History
(henceforth Asali) 11–32.

4
Saul and David: 1 S 8–2 S 5. David and Goliath 1 S 17 and 2 S 21.19. Saul’s armour-bearer and lyre-player: 1 S 16.14–23. Anointed by Samuel: 1 S 16.1–13. Marries Saul’s daughter: 1 S 18.17–27. Ziklag: 1 S 27.6. Rule in Hebron: 2 S 5.5. Lament: 2 S 1.19–27; King of Judah: 2 S 2.4. David’s Philistine and Cretan guards: 2 S 8.18 and 1 Chronicles (henceforth C) 18.17. Ronald de Vaux,
Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions
(henceforth de Vaux) 91–7. Slings: James K. Hoffmeier,
Archaeology of the Bible
(henceforth Hoffmeier) 84–5. Reich, Shukron and Lernau, ‘Findings from the Iron Age II in the Rock-Cut Pool near the Spring’,
Israel Exploration Journal
57 (2007) 153–69.

5
2 S 6, 2 S 7.2–13. Takes Jerusalem: 2 S 5, 2 S 24.25, 2 S 5.6–9, 2 S 7.2–3, 2 S 6.13–18. Renames Jerusalem: 2 S 5.7–9 and 1 C 11.5–7. Builds wall: 2 S 5.9. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35. David’s palace and terraced structure: Dan Bahat,
Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem
(henceforth Bahat) 24. God and the Ark: de Vaux 294–300 and 308–10. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35.

6
2 S 6.20.

7
Bathsheba: 2 S 11–12.

8
Absalom and court politics: 2 S 13–24.

9
2 S 24.6 and 1 C 21.15. Abraham: Genesis 22, 1 Kings (henceforth K) 5.3. Threshing-floor and altar: 2 S 24.19–24, 1 C 21.28–22.5, 1 K 1. David bloodshedder: 1 C 22.8 and 28.3.

10
Death and Solomon anointment:1 K 1 and 2, 1 C 28–9. Burial: 1 K 2.10. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35. John Hyrcanus plunders David’s tomb: Josephus, ‘Jewish Antiquities’ (henceforth JA) VII.15.3.

11
Seizure of power: 1 K 1–2.

12
Solomon, chariots/horse-gate: 1 K 9–10, 2 K 11.16. Horse-dealing/chariots: 1 K 10.28–9. Gold: 1 K 10.14. Megiddo, Hazor, Gezer: 1 K 9.15. Ark installed and Temple inaugurated: 1 K 8 and 2 C 7. David’s spears in Temple: 2 K 11.10. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
134–40 and 191–5. 1 K 2–7 and 1 K 10. Horses, chariots, magnificence: 1 K 10.14–19. Gateways: 1 K 9.15–27. Fleet: 1 K 9: 26–8 and 1 K 10.11–13. Empire and administration: 1 K 4.17–19. Wives: 1 K 11.3. 3,000 proverbs and 1,005 songs: 1 K 4.32. With whips: 1 K 12.11. Temple and palace: 1 K 6–7, 2 C 2–4. Ezekiel 40–4. 1 C 28.11–19. The Rock tomb: Shanks 165–74. Carol Meyers, ‘Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy’, in
Oxford History
197–203. Traditions of the rock: Rivka Gonen, ‘Was the Site of the Jerusalem Temple Originally a Cemetery?’,
Biblical Archaeology Review
May–June 1985, 44–55.
BM
, lavers 45; Phoenician style 61. Trade with Hiram and Phoenicians/craftsmen/origin of Phoenicians/Temple designs and as ‘corporations’ with barbers, prostitutes: Richard Miles,
Carthage Must be Destroyed
30–5. Israelites and Phoenicians, purple, alphabet: Miles,
Ancient Worlds
, 57–68. Temple as ‘site par excellence for divine–human communication’: A. Neuwirth, ‘Jerusalem in Islam: The Three Honorary Names of the City’, in Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (eds),
Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City, 1517–1917
(henceforth
OJ
) 219. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35. Graeme Auld and Margreet Steiner,
Jerusalem 1
54. Solomon and Pharaoh, spoils and daughter: 1 K 9.16. Pharaoh Siamun raid; daughter marriage: Wilkinson,
Egypt
404. Tel Qasile potsherd on gold in Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
235–40. De Vaux 31–7, 108–14, 223–4, 274–94. Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
113–18. Ivory in Sargon’s Palace in Assyria and King Ahab in Samaria: 1 K 22.39. Phoenician/Syrian parallels: Shanks 123–34 and 165–74. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35. On archaeology: author conversations with Dan Bahat and Ronny Reich. New dating of Megiddo, Hazor, Gezer: Finkelstein/Silberman 134–41; Omrid building in Megiddo vs Solomon: Finkelstein/Silberman 180–5. Nicola Schreiber,
Cypro-Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age
, on the chronology of Black-on-Red and its implications 83–213, especially Section I ‘10th Century and the Problem of Shishak’ 85–113. Ayelet Gilboa and Ilan Sharon, ‘An Archaeological Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronological Debate: Alternative Chronologies for Phoenicia and their Effects on the Levant, Cyprus and Greece’,
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
332, November 2003, 7–80.