Independence (73 page)

86
. JA to AA, December 3, 1775,
AFC
1:331.

87
. JA to AA, October 7, 1775,
AFC
1:295–96. Edith B. Gelles is the recognized authority on Abigail Adams. To understand AA and her relationship with JA, see Gelles's,
Abigail & John: Portrait of a Marriage
(New York, 2009),
Abigail Adams: A Writing Life
(New York, 2002), and
Portia: The World of Abigail Adams
(Bloomington, Ind., 1992). Other biographies of AA include: Woody Holton,
Abigail Adams
(New York, 2009); Charles Akers,
Abigail Adams: A Revolutionary American Woman
(New York, 2007); Lynne Withey,
Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams
(New York, 1981); and Phyllis Lee Levin,
Abigail Adams: A Biography
(New York, 1987).

88
. JA to AA, March 17, April 12, 14, 1776,
AFC
1:361, 377, 382; AA to JA, March 31, 1776, ibid., 1:369–70.

89
. JA to John Winthrop, May 6, 1776,
PJA
4:175; JA to Warren, May 20, 1776, ibid., 4:195; John Dickinson Sergeant to JA, April 11, 1776, ibid., 4:114; Whipple to Joshua Brackett, April 21, 1776,
LDC
3:568; SA to Cooper, April 30, 1776, ibid., 3:600–601; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, April 17, 1776, ibid., 3:555.

90
. Whipple to Joseph Whipple, May 6, 1776,
LDC
3:634; Francis L. Lee to Carter, April 9, 1776, ibid., 3:500; Lee to Charles Lee, May 11, 1776, ibid., 3:655.

91
. JA to Joseph Ward, April 16, 1776,
LDC
3:534; SA to Hawley, April 15, 1776, ibid., 3:528; JA to Warren, April 20, 22, 1776,
PJA
4:130–31, 136; JA to Winthrop, May 6, 1776, ibid., 4:175; JA to AA, April 28, 1776,
AFC
1:400–401.

92
. JA to Warren, March 21, May 20, 1776,
PJA
4:56, 195.

93
. Richard A. Ryerson,
The Revolution Is Now Begun: The Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765–1776
(Philadelphia, 1978), 172–74; William Hogeland,
Declaration: The Nine Tumultuous Weeks When America Became Independent, May 1
–
July 4, 1776
(New York, 2010), 1–10.

94
. JA to Warren, May 15, 1776,
PJA
4:186; Hogeland,
Declaration
, 11–49, 73–76. On Dickinson's absence, see David Hawke,
A Transaction of Free Men: The Birth and Course of the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1964), 117–18.

95
. Milton E. Flower,
John Dickinson: Conservative Revolutionary
(Charlottesville, Va., 1983), 150.

96
. Carter Braxton to Landon Carter, May 17, 1776,
LDC
4:19; JA, Notes of Debates, [May 13–15, 1776],
DAJA
2:238–41;
JCC
4:342, 357–58; Hogeland,
Declaration
, 97–100; Hawke,
A Transaction of Free Men
, 119–20.

97
. JA to Warren, May 15, 1776,
PJA
4:186; JA to AA, May 17, 1776,
AFC
1:410.

98
. Stone to James Hollyday[?], May 20, 1776,
LDC
4:47.

CHAPTER 11: “NOT CHOICE, BUT NECESSITY THAT CALLS FOR INDEPENDENCE”: THE DILEMMA AND STRATEGY OF ROBERT LIVINGSTON

1
. Lee to Carter, June 2, 1776,
LDC
4:117; Carter Braxton to Carter, May 17, 1776, ibid., 4:20; JA to Lee, June 4, 1776,
PJA
4:239.

2
. JA to Lee, June 4, 1776,
PJA
4:239;
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1589; Francis L. Lee to Carter, May 21, 1776,
LDC
4:57.

3
. Morris to Deane, June 5, 1776,
LDC
4:147; Gerry to Warren, June 6, 1776, ibid., 4:152–53; Richard Henry Lee to Thomas Ludwell Lee, May 28, 1776, ibid., 4:90;
Am Archives
4th series, 6:323; ibid., 5:462–63.

4
.
JCC
4:40, 71, 186; Josiah Bartlett to New Hampshire Committee of Safety, January 20, 1776,
LDC
3:117–18; Hancock to William Maxwell, January 25, 1776, ibid., 3:153; Hancock to Schuyler, January 24, February 6, 20, 1776, ibid., 3:146, 205, 288.

5
. Allen Johnson et al., eds.,
Dictionary of American Biography
(New York, 1929–37), 20:525.

6
. JA to John Thomas, March 7, 1776,
PJA
4:43.

7
. Hancock to John Thomas, March 6, 1776,
LDC
3:341.

8
. Hancock to the Massachusetts Assembly, January 29, 1776,
LDC
3:162–63; Caesar Rodney to Thomas Rodney, February 4, 1776, ibid., 3:195; Morris to Charles Lee, February 17, 1776, ibid., 3:268; Resolutions Concerning the Canadian Campaign, March 8, 1776,
PJA
4:5–6.

9
. Richard Smith, Diary, February 14, 1776, LDC 3:257; Instructions to the Commissioners to Canada, March 20, 1776,
PJA
4:6–9.

10
. BF to Josiah Quincy Jr., April 15, 1776,
PBF
22:400.

11
. Thomas to GW, April 7, 27, 1776,
PGWR
4:49, 151–52; Thomas to Congress, April 8, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:822; John Carroll to [?], May 1, 1776, ibid., 5:1167; Commissioners to Canada to Hancock, May 1, 1776,
LDC
3:611–12.

12
. Council of War, April 30, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1166–67; Commissioners to Canada to Hancock, May 8, 1776,
LDC
3:639.

13
. Journal of Thomas Ainslie, May 6, 1776, in Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds.,
The Spirit of '76: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants
(New York, 1958), 1:211; John Sullivan to Hancock, June 1, 1776, ibid., 1:212; Commissioners to Canada to Hancock, May 10, 17, 1776,
LDC
3:645, 4:23; Francis L. Lee to Carter, May 21, 1776, ibid., 4:58; Commissioners to Canada to [William Heath], April 5, 1776,
PBF
22:398; General Guy Carleton to Germain,
DAR
12:137–38.

14
. Commissioners to Canada to Hancock, May 10, 17, 1776,
LDC
3:645–46; 4:22; Commissioners to Canada to Schuyler, May 10, 1776, ibid., 3:646–47; Commissioners to Canada to Thomas, May 15, 1776, ibid., 3:680; Chase to Schuyler, ibid., 3:647n.; Commissioners to Canada to BF, May 11, 1776, ibid., 3:649, 650n.

15
. Commissioners to Canada to Hancock, May 10, 17, 27, 1776,
LDC
3:646–47; 4:22–24, 80–82. The two missives were written by Chase and Charles Carroll, as Franklin and Father Carroll had departed.

16
. Commissioners to Canada to Hancock, May 27, 1776,
LDC
4:81.

17
. Francis L. Lee to Carter, May 21, 1776,
LDC
4:58.

18
. Chase to Schuyler, May 31, 1776,
LDC
4:105.

19
. Charles P. Whittemore,
A General of the Revolution: John Sullivan of New Hampshire
(New York, 1961), 28; Sullivan to GW, June 7, 8, 1776, Otis G. Hammond, ed.,
Letters and Papers of Major-General John Sullivan, Continental Army
(Concord, N.H., 1930–39), 1:226, 228; Paul H. Smith, “Sir Guy Carleton: Soldier-Statesman,” in George A. Billias, ed.,
George Washington's Opponents: British Generals and Admirals in the American Revolution
(New York, 1969), 120–23; Sullivan to Hancock, June 1, 1776, ibid., 1:212; Sullivan to Schuyler, June 19, 22, July 6, 1776, ibid., 1:250, 258, 280; [Lewis Beebe], “Journal of a Physician on the Expedition Against Canada, 1776,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
59 (1935): 336, 338.

20
. Lee to Charles Lee, May 27, 1776,
LDC
4:86; Lee to Thomas L. Lee, May 28, 1776, ibid., 4:90; Lee to Carter, June 2, 1776, ibid., 4:118.

21
. Stone to James Hollyday, May 20, 1776,
LDC
4:49; Whipple to Langdon, June 2, 1776, ibid., 4:120; Chase to Schuyler, May 31, 1776, ibid., 4:105–6; Hancock to Certain Colonies, June 4, 1776, ibid., 4:136.

22
. Hewes to Johnston, June 4, 1776,
LDC
4:139; Francis L. Lee to Carter, May 21, 1776, ibid., 4:57.

23
. Gerry to Warren, May 20, 1776,
LDC
4:43; Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, June 3, 1776, ibid., 4:124; Richard Henry Lee to Carter, June 2, 1776, ibid., 4:117; JA to Henry, June 3, 1776,
PJA
4:235.

24
. Cynthia A. Kierner,
Traders and Gentlefolk: The Livingstons of New York, 1675–1790
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1992); George Dangerfield,
Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, 1746–1813
(New York, 1960), 3–76. The quotations are from Dangerfield, pages 55 and 66, and New York Delegates to the New York Provincial Congress, July 6, 1775,
LDC
1:596. On Clermont, Livingston's manor house, see Edward Countryman,
A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760–1790
(New York, 1989), 27.

25
. JA to AA, July 23, 1775,
AFC
1:253. JA spoke of the “Timidity” of men of “overgrown Fortunes,” a reference to Dickinson and Thomas Willing. See ibid., 253–54n.

26
. Quoted in Dangerfield,
Chancellor Robert R. Livingston
, 87.

27
. Robert R. Livingston to John Stevens, April 23, 1775,
LDC
1:331; Robert R. Livingston's Notes for a Speech in Congress, [October 27, 1775], ibid., 2:263–71; Livingston to Thomas Lynch, [January ?, 1776], ibid., 3:179; JA, Notes of Debates,
DAJA
2:186–87, 188–92, 219–20.

28
.
JCC
3:317, 339–41, 446–52;
LDC
2:369n, 462n; Livingston to Jay, November 27, December 6, 1775, ibid., 2:397, 451; Committee to the Northward to Hancock, November 23, 1775, ibid., 2:377–79; Committee to the Northward Minutes of Proceedings, November 30, 1775, ibid., 2:411–12; Committee to the Northward to Montgomery, November 30, 1776, ibid., 2:412–13; Robert Treat Paine, Diary, November 8, December 8, 1775, ibid., 2:318, 461.

29
. Dangerfield,
Chancellor Robert R. Livingston
, 60.

30
. Livingston to Catherine Livingston, May 28, 1776,
LDC
4:92; Livingston to Jay, May 17, 1776, ibid., 4:29; Livingston to Duane, February 16, 1776, ibid., 3:265. Livingston's “well-timed delays” comment can be found in Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York, 1968), 697.

31
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 696–97.

32
. Quoted in Countryman,
A People in Revolution
, 165. I have drawn on Countryman's excellent analysis of New York politics in writing this section. See Countryman, pages 161–66.

33
. Hancock to GW, May 16, 1776,
LDC
4:8, 9n.

34
. Robert R. Livingston to Jay, June 4, 1776,
LDC
4:140.

35
. GW to John A. Washington, July 22, 1776,
PGWR
5:428–29; GW to Hancock, June 17, July 17, 1776, ibid., 5:21, 356; GW to John Trumbull, June 10, 1776, ibid., 4:496. Lee to Thomas L. Lee, May 28, 1776,
LDC
4:90–91. See also John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 120–24; John Ferling,
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
(New York, 2009), 104–9.

36
. Hancock to GW, June 7, 1776,
LDC
4:156. See also Commissioners to Canada to Hancock, May 27, 28, 1776, ibid., 4:84–85, 87–88.

37
.
EHD
9:867–68.

38
.
JCC
5:424–27; TJ, “Notes of Proceedings,” [June 7–28, 1776],
PTJ
1:309; Rhode Island Delegates to Nicholas Cooke, June 21, 1776,
LDC
4:286; Edward Rutledge to Jay, [June 8, 1776], ibid., 4:174.

39
. Rutledge to Jay, [June 8, 1776],
LDC
4:175; JD to Willing, [June 8?, 1776], ibid., 4:169.

40
. JD, Notes for a Speech in Congress, [June 8–10?, 1776],
LDC
4:165–69.

41
. TJ, “Notes of Proceedings,” [June 7–28, 1776],
PTJ
1:309–11; Rutledge to Jay, [June 8, 1776],
LDC
4:175.

42
. Rutledge to Jay, [June 8, 1776],
LDC
4:174; Gerry to Warren, June 11, 1776, ibid., 4:187.

43
. TJ, “Notes of Proceedings,” [June 7–28, 1776],
PTJ
1:311–13.

44
. TJ, “Notes of Proceedings,” [June 7–28, 1776],
PTJ
1:313.

45
. TJ, “Notes of Proceedings,” [June 7–28, 1776],
PTJ
1:313;
JCC
5:428–29, 431, 433;
PJA
342n.

46
. Rhode Island Delegates to Nicholas Cooke, June 21, 1776,
LDC
4:286; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, June 15, 1776, ibid., 4:226; JA to William Cushing, June 9, 1776,
PJA
4:245.

CHAPTER 12: “THE CHARACTER OF A FINE WRITER”: THOMAS JEFFERSON AND THE DRAFTING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

1
. Ward to Henry Ward, June 22, 1775,
LDC
1:535; “Historical and Bibliographical Notes on ‘A Summary View of the Rights of British America,' ”
PTJ
1:676.

2
. TJ to Thomas Nelson, May 16, 1776,
PTJ
1:292.

3
. J. Kent McGaughy,
Richard Henry Lee of Virginia: A Portrait of an American Revolutionary
(Lanham, Md., 2004), 121–24; Lee to GW, June 13, 1776,
PGWR
4:514.