Independence (70 page)

45
. GW to Hancock, September 21, 1775,
PGWR
2:26. With his letter to Congress, GW enclosed a petition from the subalterns concerning a pay increase. See Committee of Second Lieutenants to GW, September 21, 1775, ibid., 2:32–33.

46
. Jerrilyn Greene Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 158–64.

47
. GW to Hancock, September 21, 1775,
PGWR
2:26.

48
. JA to Warren, October 1, 1775,
PJA
3:177.

49
. Ward to Henry Ward, September 30, 1775,
LDC
2:84.

50
. See the helpful pay table in Marston,
King and Congress
, 160–61.

51
. Committee of Conference Minutes of Proceedings, October 23–24, 1775,
LDC
2:233–38.

52
. Ward to Henry Ward, November 21, 1775,
LDC
2:370; GW to Joseph Reed, November 28, 1775,
PGWR
2:449; GW to Hancock, December 18, 1775, ibid., 2:574; John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 78–80; John Ferling,
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
(New York, 2009), 97–98; Charles Lesser,
The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army
(Chicago, 1976), 8.

53
. Hancock to Massachusetts Assembly, December 2, 1775,
LDC
2:422; Hancock to Jonathan Trumbull, December 2, 1775, ibid., 2:423; Samuel Ward, Diary, October 9, 12, 1775, ibid., 155, 172; Ward to Henry Ward, December 2, 14, 1775, ibid., 2:429, 487;
JCC
3:340, 393, 408, 448; GW to Hancock, December 4, 18, 25, 31, 1775,
PGWR
2:484–85, 574, 602, 625; GW to Massachusetts Council, January 10, 1776, ibid., 3:61; GW to Reed, January 4, 14, 1776, ibid., 3:24, 89; Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington
(New York, 1948–57), 3:579; Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 80, 193. Samuel Adams is quoted in James T. Flexner,
George Washington: The Forge of Experience, 1732–1775
(Boston, 1965), 67. John Adams is quoted in Don Higginbotham,
The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789
(New York, 1971), 390.

54
. JA, Diary, “Notes of Debates,” October 3, [4], 1775,
DAJA
2:189–92.

55
. JA, Diary, “Notes of Debates,” October 5, 1775,
DAJA
2:193.

56
. JA, Diary, “Notes of Debates,” October 5, 12, 1775,
DAJA
2:194, 204–5.

57
.
JCC
3:308; Jay to Alexander McDougall, October 26, 1775,
LDC
2:258; JA, Diary, “Notes of Debate,” October 27, 1775,
DAJA
2:219.

58
.
JCC
3:274–75; JA, Diary, “Notes of Debates,” October 7, 12, 1775,
DAJA
2:198–202, 205; JA to Warren, October 19, 1775,
PJA
3:215; David Freeman Hawke,
Honorable Treason: The Declaration of Independence and the Men Who Signed It
(New York, 1976), 78.

59
. Marston,
King and Congress
, 173–74; JA, Diary, October 12, 1775,
DAJA
2:205; JA to Warren, October 13, 19, 1775,
PJA
3:205, 215; Silas Deane's Proposals for Establishing a Navy, [October 16?, 1775],
LDC
2:182–87. The Deane quotation is on page 184.

60
. JA, Diary, October 21, 1775,
DAJA
2:214–15.

61
. JA, Diary, October 21, 1775,
DAJA
2:215–17.

62
. David Syrett,
The Royal Navy in American Waters, 1775–1783
(Aldershot, England, 1989), 7–8.

63
. BF to Richard Bache, October 24, 1775,
PBF
22:242–43.

64
. GW to Hancock, October 24, 1775,
PGWR
2:227; SA to Elizabeth Adams, November 7, 1775,
LDC
2:313; Marston,
King and Congress
, 176–77; Nathan Miller,
Sea of Glory: The Continental Navy Fight for Independence, 1775–1783
(New York, 1974), 52–55; William M. Fowler Jr.,
Rebels Under Sail: The American Navy During the American Revolution
(New York, 1976), 42–72.

65
. Governor Sir James Wright to Dunmore, July 8, October 14, 1775,
DAR
11:43, 145; John W. Gordon,
South Carolina and the American Revolution: A Battlefield History
(Columbia, S.C., 2003), 15–36; Hugh T. Lefler and William S. Powell,
Colonial North Carolina: A History
(New York, 1973), 269–77.

66
. Dunmore to Dartmouth, June 25, 1775,
DAR
9:203; John E. Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783
(Williamsburg, Va., 1988), 14–15, 41–64; Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York, 1968), 644–45; Michael A. McDonnell,
The Politics of War: Race, Class, and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2007), 52–53, 55, 61, 65, 118, 133–34, 135–74.

67
. GW to Richard Henry Lee, December 26, 1775,
PGWR
2:611; Francis Lightfoot Lee to Landon Carter, February 12, 1776,
LDC
3:237; Thomas Nelson to Mann Page, January 4, 1776, ibid., 3:30; William Hooper to Joseph Hewes and John Penn, February 6, 1776, ibid., 3:208; North Carolina Delegation to North Carolina Council of Safety, February 13, 1776, ibid., 3:250; Edward Rutledge to Ralph Izard, December 8, 1775, ibid., 2:462.

68
. Ward to Deborah Ward, November 1, 1775,
LDC
2:285–86; Ward to Henry Ward, November 2, 1775, ibid., 2:291; SA to Warren, November 4, 1775, ibid., 298.

69
. JA to Warren, June 27, 1775,
PJA
3:49, 50; JA to Joseph Palmer, [July] 5, 1775, ibid., 3:54;
JCC
2:76–77, 83–84; Samuel Ward, Diary, June 9, 1775,
LDC
1:463–64; Cushing to Gerry, June 10, 1775, ibid., 2:469; Hancock to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, ibid., 2:472–73.

70
. New Hampshire Delegates to Matthew Thornton, October 2, 1775,
LDC
2:98–99; Samuel Ward, Diary, October 18, 1775, ibid., 2:200–201; JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:354–55.

71
.
JCC
3:319, 326; New Hampshire Delegates to Thornton, November 3, 1775,
LDC
2:292–93; SA to Warren, November 4, 1775, ibid., 2:298. On the issue of establishing provincial governments, see Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 620–28, 638–41, and Marsten,
King and Congress
, 256–73.

72
. Milton E. Flower,
John Dickinson: Conservative Revolutionary
(Charlottesville, Va., 1983), 138–41.

73
. Flower,
John Dickinson
, 141–42;
Am Archives
4th series, 3:1792–93; John Dickinson's Proposed Instructions, November 9, 1775,
LDC
2:319–20.

74
. Robert Morris to [?], December 9, 1775,
LDC
2:470; John Alsop to Duane, November 29, 1775, ibid., 2:472n; BF to Hartley, October 3, 1775,
PBF
22:217; TJ to John Randolph, November 29, 1775,
PTJ
1:269.

CHAPTER 8: “THE FOLLY AND MADNESS OF THE MINISTRY”: CHARLES JAMES FOX, THOMAS PAINE, AND THE WAR

1
. See John Derry,
English Politics and the American Revolution
(New York, 1976), 131, and John Derry,
Charles James Fox
(New York, 1972), 64. In the former work, Derry provides a useful analysis of the opposition on pages 129–37. For a convenient list of the opposition members in the House of Commons in 1774 and 1775, see Bernard Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution: The Path to War, 1773–1775
(New York, 1964), 291–93.

2
.
PH
18:708, 734–35, 761, 766, 768.

3
.
PH
18:710–11, 907. Peter Whiteley,
Lord North: The Prime Minister Who Lost America
(London, 1996), 158. The quotation is taken from a second speech delivered later by Grafton. On Grafton's entering North's government, see Sir William R. Anson, ed.,
Autobiography and Political Correspondence of Augustus Henry Third Duke of Grafton
(London, 1898), xxxv.

4
.
PH
18:722–23.

5
. Christopher Hobhouse,
Fox
(reprint, London, 1964), 1–11; John Drinkwater,
Charles James Fox
(New York, 1928), 1–16, 66; Loren Reid,
Charles James Fox: A Man for the People
(Columbia, Mo., 1969), 40; L. G. Mitchell,
Charles James Fox
(New York, 1992), 1, 3, 10, 13, 14.

6
. Hobhouse,
Fox
, 23, 69; Mitchell,
Charles James Fox
, 18–19.

7
. Hobhouse,
Fox
, 57; Reid,
Charles James Fox
, 43–44; Mitchell,
Charles James Fox
, 22–23, 45; Derry,
Charles James Fox
, 47.

8
. Hobhouse,
Fox
, 70; Drinkwater,
Charles James Fox
, 109;
PH
18:190–93; Mitchell,
Charles James Fox
, 27.

9
. Derry,
Charles James Fox
, 69–70.

10
. Mitchell,
Charles James Fox
, 33; Hobhouse,
Fox
, 65–69.

11
.
PH
18:769–79.

12
.
PH
18:712–13.

13
.
PH
18:726, 772–73, 796–97.

14
.
PH
18:795–916; Peter D. G. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773–1776
(Oxford, 1991), 281. The questions asked of Penn, but not his responses, can be found in
PH
18:911–16.

15
.
PH
18:916–27, 930–34.

16
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 292.

17
.
PH
18:963–82.

18
. Charles James Fox to Lord Ossory, November 5, 1775, in Lord John Russell, ed.,
Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox
(reprint, New York, 1970), 1:140.

19
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 294.

20
.
PH
18:989–91.

21
.
PH
18:991–92.

22
.
PH
18:990; The King's Speech to Parliament, October 26, 1775,
EHD
9:852.

23
.
PH
18:993–94; Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 298–99; Whiteley,
Lord North
, 161; Ira D. Gruber,
The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
(New York, 1972), 37–38; The American Prohibitory Act, December 22, 1775,
EHD
9:853.

24
.
PH
18:995, 999, 1034, 1041, 1058–59; Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 301.

25
. BF to John Sargent, June 27, 1775,
PBF
22:72; BF to Priestley, July 7, 1775, ibid., 22:91; BF to Shipley, July 7, 1775, ibid., 22:95.

26
. Orville T. Murphy,
Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution, 1719–1787
(Albany, N.Y., 1982), 232–33.

27
. Richard Van Alstyne,
Empire and Independence: The International History of the American Revolution
(New York, 1967), 89; Weldon A. Brown,
Empire or Independence: A Study in the Failure of Reconciliation, 1774–1783
(Baton Rouge, La., 1941), 169; Samuel Flagg Bemis,
The Diplomacy of the American Revolution
(New York, 1935), 20; Murphy,
Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes
, 23, 49, 56, 95, 166, 345; Richard B. Morris,
The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence
(New York, 1965), 112–13; Jonathan Dull,
A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 1985), 48.

28
. Murphy,
Charles Gravier,
Comte de Vergennes, 233; Edward Corwin,
French Policy and the American Alliance of 1788
(reprint, New York, 1970), 74.

29
. Jerrilyn Greene Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 220;
PBF
22:280–81n.

30
. Committee of Secret Correspondence to Lee, December 12, 1775,
PBF
22:296–97; BF to Dumas, December 9, 1775, ibid., 22:288–89; BF to Don Gabriel Antonio de Bourbon, December 12, 1775, ibid., 22:298.

31
. Bonvouloir to Guines: Extract, December 28, 1775,
PBF
22:312–18; Murphy,
Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes
, 234.

32
.
PGWR
2:532n; GW to Hancock, December 14, 1775, ibid., 2:548; Hancock to GW, January 6, 1776,
LDC
3:42. On Penet's and Pliarne's relationship with the French government, see,
PBF
23:195n; Bemis,
Diplomacy of the American Revolution
, 34n.

33
. Richard Smith, Diary, December 30, 1775,
LDC
2:538; Hancock to Cushing, January 17, 1776, ibid., 3:105.

34
.
JCC
2:109–10; Hancock to GW, June 28, 1775,
LDC
1:554–55; Don Gerlach,
Proud Patriot: Philip Schuyler and the War of Independence, 1775–1783
(Syracuse, N.Y., 1987), 11, 13, 15.