Independence (72 page)

11
. Eliphalet Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, January 1, 1776,
LDC
3:5.

12
. Committee of Secret Correspondence Minutes of Proceedings, March 2, 1776,
LDC
3:320–23. See also, Robert Morris to Deane, March 30, 1776, ibid., 3:466–68.

13
. Gage to Dartmouth, August 20, 1775, Clarence E. Carter, ed.,
The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State, and the War Office and the Treasury, 1763–1775
(reprint, New York, 1969), 1:413–14; Ira Gruber,
The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1972), 26, 31, 37; Howe to Dartmouth, November 26, 1775,
DAR
11:191, 193.

14
. GW, Circular to the General Officers, September 8, 1775,
PGWR
1:432–34; Council of War, September 11, 1775, ibid., 1:450–51.

15
. GW to Joseph Reed, January 14, 1776,
PGWR
3:89–90; GW, Instructions to Colonel Henry Knox, November 16, 1775, ibid., 2:384–85; Knox to GW, November 27, December 5, 17, 1775, January 5, 1776, ibid., 2:434, 495–96, 563–66; North Callahan,
Henry Knox: George Washington's General
(New York, 1958), 16–56; John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 102–4.

16
. Council of War, February 16, 1776,
PGWR
3:320–22, 323–24n; GW to Reed, February 26[–March 9], 1776, ibid., 3:373.

17
. Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 105.

18
. AA to JA, March 16, 1776,
AFC
1:358; Christopher Ward,
The War of the Revolution
(New York, 1952), 1:128; Archibald Robinson,
His Diary and Sketches in America, August 1775–April 1776
, in Harry M. Lyndenberg, ed.,
New York Public Library Bulletin
(New York, 1933), 73–74. Howe's quote, which Abigail Adams heard and passed on ten days after the event, is likely apocryphal.

19
. Hugh Earl Percy to General Harvey, July 28, 1775, in Charles K. Bolton, ed.,
Letters of Hugh Earl Percy from Boston and New York, 1774–1776
(Boston, 1902), 58.

20
. James Grant to Richard Rigby, October 5, 1775, Papers of James Grant of Ballindaloch, reel 29, Library of Congress.

21
.
PGWR
3:377–78n; GW to Read, February 26[–March 9], 1776, ibid., 3:376.

22
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:422–23;
PGWR
4:2n.

23
. Francis Lightfoot Lee to Landon Carter, April 9, 1776,
LDC
3:500.

24
.
Am Archives
4th series, 3:644, 794–95.

25
. James Duane, Notes for a Speech in Congress, [May 23–25, 1775],
LDC
1:392.

26
. Quoted in T. H. Breen,
American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People
(New York, 2010), 10.

27
. David Hackett Fischer,
Paul Revere's Ride
(New York, 1994), 320–21; Joyce Lee Malcolm,
Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 2009), 75.

28
. BF to Anthony Todd, March 29, 1776,
PBF
22:393.

29
. GW, General Orders, October 26, 31, November 14, 20, 1775,
PGWR
2:235–36, 269, 369, 443.

30
. See David Ammerman,
In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774
(Charlottesville, Va., 1974), 103–24.

31
.
Am Archives
4th series, 3:141–42.

32
.
Am Archives
4th series, 4:858, 1050–51.

33
.
Am Archives
4th series, 4:719.

34
.
Am Archives
4th series, 3:319.

35
.
Am Archives
4th series, 4:713.

36
. Breen,
American Insurgents, American Patriots
, 233–34. Breen chronicles the work of these committees in detail and shows how restrained many were in practice. See pages 207–40.

37
.
Am Archives
4th series, 3:218, 692, 462–63, 955, 1072; 4:288; 5:547.

38
.
Am Archives
4th series, 3:133, 322, 682, 692.

39
.
Am Archives
4th series, 3:141–42.

40
. Brendan McConville,
The King's Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776
(Chapel Hill., N.C., 2006), 63–64, 74, 87, 107, 126, 129–31, 138, 202. The quotations can be found on pages 74 and 202.

41
. McConville,
King's Three Faces
, 292, 296–97.

42
. Quoted in Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York, 1968), 669.

43
. The literature on republicanism and the American Revolution is voluminous. Good places to start—and on which the foregoing draws—are Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 48–52, 281–84; Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969), 46–124; Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 11–189; Robert E. Shalhope, “Republicanism, Liberalism, and Democracy: Political Culture in the Early Republic,” in Milton M. Klein et al., eds.,
The Republican Synthesis Revisited: Essays in Honor of George Athan Billias
(Worcester, Mass., 1992), 37–90; Robert E. Shalhope, “Republicanism and Early American Historiography,”
William and Mary Quarterly
39 (1982): 334–56; Robert E. Shalhope, “Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography,” ibid., 29 (1972): 49–80; Joyce Appleby, “Republicanism and Ideology,”
American Quarterly
37 (1985): 461–83; Linda K. Kerber, “The Republican Ideology of the Revolutionary Generation,” ibid., 37:474–95.

44
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 677–78.

45
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:608–14.

46
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1025–32; Maier,
American Scripture
, 69–72.

47
. JA to Warren, April 22, 1776,
PJA
4:135.

48
.
Am Archives
4th series, 6:1524;
JCC
5:425;
LDC
3:417n; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 678.

49
. SA to Samuel Cooper, April 30, 1776,
LDC
3:600–602.

50
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 679.

51
.
Am Archives
4th series, 6:1524; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 680–81.

52
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1025–32, 1032–34, 1034–35, 1046–47, 1205–6, 1206–9; 6:514–15. Pauline Maier brought to the attention of all historians what she called “the other declarations of Independence,” the local statements adopted between April and July in Virginia, South Carolina, and elsewhere. See Maier,
American Scripture
, 47–96, and see also the convenient log that she provides of these statements, 217–23.

53
. Francis Lightfoot Lee to Landon Carter, January 22, March 19, April 9, 1776,
LDC
3:130, 407, 500.

54
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1034–35.

55
. [Anon.], “Serious Questions Addressed to the Congress,” April [?], 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1078.

56
. “Salus Populi,” March [?], 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:98–99; [Thomas Paine], “The Forester,” [April 1776], ibid., 5:1020; “FA,” April 29, 1776, ibid., 5:1134.

57
. [Thomas Paine], “A Dialogue between the Ghost of General Montgomery … and an American Delegate, in a Wood near Philadelphia,” 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:131; [Anon.], “Plain Hints,” March [?], 1776, ibid., 5:214; “Somers,” [Williamsburg, Va., March 1776], ibid., 5:122–23; [Anon.], Untitled, March 21, 1776, ibid., 5:450.

58
. [Anon.], “Seek Truth,” April [?], 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1016; [Anon.], “Plain Hints,” March [?], 1776, ibid., 5:214; “An American,” Untitled, March 15, 1776, ibid., 5:227.

59
. Civis, “To the Freeholders … of Philadelphia,” April 30, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1142; James H. Hutson, “The Partition Treaty and the Declaration of Independence,”
Journal of American History
58 (1972): 351–58.

60
.
Pennsylvania Gazette
, May 1, 1776; Cato, “A Letter to the People of Pennsylvania,” Letter III and Letter IV [March 1776],
Am Archives
4th series, 5:445, 514; A Settled Citizen, “On the Present State of Publick Affairs,” April 23, 1776, ibid., 5:1037; Civis, “To the Freeholders … of Philadelphia,” April 30, 1776, ibid., 5:1141–42; Hampden, “Hampden Against Independence,” May 1, 1776, ibid., 5:1158–59; CS, “Reply to Remarks of Rationalis on “ ‘Common Sense,' ” April 18, 1776, ibid., 5:976; [Anon.], “Reasons for a Declaration of the Independence of the American Colonies,” April 20, 1776, ibid., 5:992; Civis, “To the Inhabitants of Philadelphia,” [April 1776], ibid., 5:803–4.

61
. AB, Untitled, April 12, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:861–62.

62
. A British American, “To the Inhabitants of the United Colonies,” December 28, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 4:473.

63
. [Anon.], “To the Inhabitants of New-York,” April 11, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:856.

64
. JA to AA, March 19, 1776,
AFC
1:363; JA to William Tudor, April 12, 1776,
PJA
4:118; JA to Warren, May 12, 1776, ibid., 4:182.

65
.
PJA
4:65–68n.

66
. [John Adams],
Thoughts on Government
(1776),
PJA
4:86–93.

67
. Robert Treat Paine, Diary, May 5, 1776,
LDC
3:625–26; Richard Henry Lee to Samuel Purviance Jr., May 6, 1776, ibid., 3:632.

68
. Jay to James Jay, January 4, 1776,
LDC
3:29; Thomas Lynch to GW, January 16, 1776, ibid., 3:101; Morris to Gates, April 6, 1776, ibid., 3:495.

69
.
PH
18:728, 1175, 1181, 1185.

70
. Hancock to the Massachusetts Assembly, May, 16, 1776,
LDC
4:7; Hancock to Certain Colonies, June 4, 1776, ibid., 4:136; William Whipple to Joshua Brackett, June 2, 1776, ibid., 4:119; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, May 25, 1776, ibid., 4:72; Duane to Robert Livingston, January 5, 1776, ibid., 3:33; Morris to Deane, June 5, 1776, ibid., 4:147; Bartlett to John Langdon, May 19, 1776, ibid., 4:39.

71
. Richard Henry Lee to Carter, June 2, 1776,
LDC
4:117.

72
. Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, March 2, 1776,
LDC
3:325; SA to Elizabeth Adams, February 26, 1776, ibid., 3:303.

73
. JA to AA, December 3, 1775,
AFC
1:331;
AFC
1; Thomas McKean to George Read, January 19, 1776,
LDC
3:115; Duane to Alexander McDougall, February 25, 1776, ibid., 3:300; Samuel Ward to Deborah Ward, January 2, 1776, ibid., 3:21; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, March [8], 19, 1776, ibid., 3:359, 412; Samuel Huntington to Joseph Trumbull, February 20, March 26, 1776, ibid., 3:290; Jay to Robert R. Livingston, March 4, 1776, ibid., 3:328; Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, January 24, 1776, ibid., 3:131; Hancock to Cushing, January 17, 1776, ibid., 3:105; John Rogers to Maryland Council, April 28, 1776, ibid., 3:582n;
JCC
3:302–3.

74
. SA to Warren, March 8, 1776,
LDC
3:353–54; Paine to Joseph Hawley, January 1, 1776, ibid., 3:6–7; Paine to Joseph Palmer, January 1, 1776, ibid., 3:10–11; Paine to Warren, January 1, 1776, ibid., 3:11–12; JA to AA, April 6, 1776, ibid., 3:493.

75
. SA to Elizabeth Adams, February 26, 1776,
LDC
3:303; Jay to Livingston, March 4, 1776, ibid., 3:328; Ward to His Daughter, February 11, March 8, 1776, ibid., 3:232, 357; Ward to Anna Ward, January 21, 1776, ibid., 3:128; Deane to Elizabeth Deane, January 13, 1776, ibid., 89.

76
. AA to JA, May 7, 24, 1775,
AFC
1:195, 205.

77
. AA to JA, June [16], 1775,
AFC
1:217, 219.

78
. AA to JA, November 12, 1775,
AFC
1:325.

79
. Malcolm,
Peter's War
, 80.

80
. AA to JA, June [16], 25, July 16, September 8, 25, 29, October 1, 9, November 12, December 10, 1775,
AFC
1:219, 232, 249, 276–78, 284, 287–88, 288–89, 296, 324–25, 337.

81
. AA to JA, October 21, 25, 1775,
AFC
1:305, 312.

82
. AA to JA, June 22, 25, July 5, 1775, March 2, 1776,
AFC
1:226, 231, 239, 353, 355.

83
. JA to AA, June 10, July 7, 1775,
AFC
1:214, 241–42; AA to JA, July 16, 1775, ibid., 1:247.

84
. AA to JA, May 24, 1775,
AFC
1:205; JA to AA, July 28, September 26, October 1, 2, 7, 13, 19, 1775, ibid., 1:267, 285, 289, 291, 295, 300–301, 303.

85
. JA to Abigail Adams, 2d, October 20, 1775,
AFC
1:304–5; JA to Thomas Boylston Adams, October 20, 1775, ibid., 1:305; JA to AA, October 29, 1775, April 15, 1776, ibid., 1:317–18, 383–84.