Independence (68 page)

56
. Silas Deane, Diary, May 23, 1775,
LDC
1:371.

57
. Dickinson, “Notes for a Speech in Congress,” [May 23–25], 1775,
LDC
1:371–82, 386–90; John Dickinson's Notes of Debates, May 23–25, 1775, ibid., 1:390–91; John Dickinson's Proposed Resolutions, [May 23–25], 1775, ibid., 1:383–86.

58
. Dickinson's Notes of Debates, [May 23–25], 1775,
LDC
1:390; JA to James Warren, July 24, 1775,
PJA
3:89; JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:314.

59
. Silas Deane, Diary, May 23, 24, 1775,
LDC
1:371, 401.

60
.
JCC
2:64–66.

CHAPTER 6: “PROGRESS MUST BE SLOW”: JOHN ADAMS AND THE POLITICS OF A DIVIDED CONGRESS

1
. JA to AA, July 23, 1775,
AFC
1:253.

2
. JA to Warren, September 30, 1775,
PJA
3:3:172; William Bradford to James Madison, June 2, 1775, in William T. Hutchinson, William M. E. Rachal, et al., eds.,
The Papers of James Madison
(Chicago, 1962–91), 1:149. SA and Lee are quoted in Gordon S. Wood,
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
(New York, 2004), 156.

3
. BF to Jonathan Shipley, July 7, 1775,
PBF
22:96; BF to Joseph Priestley, May 16, 1775, ibid., 22:44; BF to Burke, May 15, 1775, ibid., 22:41.

4
. BF to Hartley, October 3, 1775,
PBF
22:217; BF to Shipley, July 7, 1775, ibid., 22:94–95.

5
. BF to William Strahan, July 5, 1775,
PBF
22:85. BF never sent this letter, but there can be no doubt that his harsh tone accurately reflected his outlook in July 1775.

6
. Quoted in Wood,
Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
, 159.

7
. JA to AA, July 23, 1775,
AFC
1:253.

8
. Esmond Wright,
Franklin of Philadelphia
(Cambridge, Mass., 1986), 238.

9
. John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
(New York, 2003), 10–12, 15.

10
. BF, Proposed Articles of Confederation, [on or before July 21, 1775],
PBF
22:122–25, 120–22n.

11
. John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 37.

12
. James Warren to JA, May 7, June 11, 1775,
PJA
3:3–4, 24;
DAJA
3:321; Jerrilyn G. Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 144–45; George Athan Billias,
Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman
(New York, 1976), 58;
LDC
1:432–33n.; Robert Treat Paine to Elbridge Gerry, June 10, 1775, ibid., 1:477; Cushing to Joseph Hawes, June 10, 1775, ibid., 1:470.

13
. New York Delegates to the New York Provincial Congress, June 3, 1775,
LDC
1:442–43; Philip Schuyler to Samuel Springer, June 3, 1775, ibid., 1:444.

14
. JA to Moses Gill, June 10, 1775,
PJA
3:21; SA to Warren, June 10, 1775,
LDC
1:468.

15
.
DAJA
3:321–23;
JCC
2:89–93, 96–97.

16
. Thomas Cushing to James Bowdoin Sr., June 21, 1775,
LDC
1:530; Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, June 16, 1775, ibid., 1:494; Eliphalet Dyer to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., June 16, 1775, ibid., 1:496; Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, June 17, 1775, ibid., 1:499–500; Hancock to Gerry, June 18, 1775, ibid., 1:507; JA to AA, June 17, 1775,
AFC
1:215–16; Benjamin Rush to Thomas Rushton, October 29, 1775, in L. H. Butterfield, ed.,
Letters of Benjamin Rush
(Princeton, N.J., 1951), 1:92.

17
. On Adams's youth and his choices, see, JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:253–61; JA to Jonathan Sewall, February 1760,
PJA
1:41–42; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 9–17; and John Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and the American Revolution
(New York, 2000), 5–7, 20–21.

18
. On JA's courtship of AA, and her background, see Edith B. Gelles,
Abigail & John: Portrait of a Marriage
(New York, 2009), 1–19.

19
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:294; JA to AA, June 29, 1774,
AFC
1:113. On Adams's struggles and eventual ascent as a lawyer, see Daniel R. Coquillette, “Justinian in Braintree: John Adams, Civilian Learning, and Legal Elitism, 1758–1775,” in
Law in Colonial Massachusetts
, Colonial Society of Massachusetts Publications, 62 (1984): 359–418; L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller Zobel, eds.,
Legal Papers of John Adams
(Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 1:lii–xciv; Ferling,
John Adams
, 25–38; Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze
, 25–27, 54–59.

20
. [John Adams], “Instructions to Braintree's Representatives Concerning the Stamp Act,” September–October 1765,
PJA
1:132–43; [John Adams], “Clarendon to Pym,” January 13–27, 1766, ibid., 1:155–69; [John Adams], “Replies to Philanthrop, Defender of Governor Bernard,” December 9, 1766–February 16, 1767, ibid., 1:174–210.

21
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:289–91; 1:271, 274, 342, 352; 2:55, 74.

22
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
1:342.

23
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:292–94;
PJA
1:238n; Hiller B. Zobel,
The Boston Massacre
(New York, 1970), 32, 41, 49, 214, 217–21.

24
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
1:339n, 3:294.

25
. JA to Hezekiah Niles, February 13, 1818, in
WJA
10:285–86; JA to William Tudor, June 1, 1817, July 9, 1818, ibid., 10:259, 327; JA to Tudor, November 16, 25, December 7, 1816, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1954–59, microfilm edition, reel 123; JA to Sheldon Jones, March 11, 1809, ibid., reel 118; JA to TJ, July 15, 1813, July 9, 1818, in Lestor J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1961), 2:237, 594; JA, Diary, March 22, 1773,
DAJA
2:80; JA, Autobiography, ibid., 3:293–94; JA to Benjamin Rush, February 27, 1805, May 1, 21, 1807, in John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds.,
The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–1813
(San Marino, Calif., 1966), 35–36, 80, 88; Bernard Bailyn, ed.,
Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750–1776
(Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 23–30. See also Caroline Robbins,
The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthmen: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II Until the War with the Thirteen Colonies
(New York, 1959); John Howe,
The Changing Political Thought of John Adams
(Princeton, N.J., 1966), 15, 17–19, 43; Zoltan Haraszti,
John Adams and the Prophets of Progress
(Cambridge, Mass., 1952), 192; Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze
, 82–84.

26
. JA, Diary, October 19, 1777,
DAJA
2:64.

27
. JA, Diary, October 23, 30, 1772,
DAJA
2:72, 74.

28
. JA to Warren, December 17, 1773, April 9, 1774,
PJA
2:1–2, 83; JA to James Burgh, December 28, 1773, ibid., 2:206;
DAJA
2:85–86.

29
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:282, 307.

30
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:308–9; 2:156; Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze
, 95.

31
. JA to Shelton Jones, March 11, 1809, in Adams,
Works of John Adams
, 9:612; JA to William Tudor, March 29, 1817, ibid., 10:245; JA to AA, February 9, 1799, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1954–59, microfilm edition, reel 393; JA to François Adrian Van Der Kemp, April 18, 1815, ibid., reel 322; JA, Diary, April 26, 1779,
DAJA
2:362–63; TJ to James Madison, January 30, 1787, May 25, 1788,
PTJ
11:94–95; 13:201–2. On the height of eighteenth-century male colonists, see Kenneth L. Sokoloff and George C. Villaflor, “The Early Achievement of Modern Stature in America,”
Social Science History
6 (1982): 435–81; John Ferling, “Soldiers for Virginia: Who Served in the French and Indian War?”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
94 (1986): 312–23.

32
. JA to AA, May 25, 29, June 2, 10, 23, July 8, 12, September 26, 1775,
AFC
1:206, 207, 208, 213, 226, 243, 285; JA to James Warren, May 21, 1775,
PJA
3:11.

33
. Lewis E. Braverman and Robert D. Utiger, “Introduction to Thyrotoxicosis,” in Lewis E. Braverman and Robert D. Utiger, eds.,
Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text
(Philadelphia, 1991), 645–57; Sidney Werner, “History of the Thyroid,” ibid., 3–5; Robert Volpe, “Graves' Disease,” ibid., 648–50; Peter C. Whybrow, “Behavioral and Psychiatric Aspects of Thyrotoxicosis,” ibid., 865; Harry B. Burch, “Ophthalmopathy,” ibid., 536–52; Vahab Fatourechi, “Localized Myxedema and Thyroid Acropachy,” ibid., 553–58; Jeffrey D. Bernhard, “The Skin in Thyrotoxicosis,” ibid., 696–700; Leslie J. De Groot et al.,
The Thyroid and Its Diseases
(New York, 1984), 2–42, 136–44; Rene Mornex and Jacques L. Orgiazzi, “Hyperthyroidism,” in Michael De Visscher, ed.,
The Thyroid Gland: Comprehensive Endocrinology
(New York, 1980), 279–91, 306–17; Brita Winsa et al., “Stressful Life Events and Graves' Disease,”
Lancet
338 (December 14, 1991): 1475–79; Paul J. Rosch, “Stressful Life Events and Graves' Disease,” ibid., 324 (September 4, 1993): 566–67; A. Horsley, “On the Function of the Thyroid Gland,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
33 (1985): 5; Robert Volpe, “Autoimmune Thyroid Disease,”
Hospital Practice
19 (1984): 141–43; Marjorie Safran and Louis E. Braverman, “Thyrotoxicosis and Graves' Disease,” ibid., 20 (1985): 34–36; S. G. Dortman, “Hyperthyroidism: Usual and Unusual Causes,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
137 (1977): 995–96 See also John Ferling and Lewis E. Braverman, “John Adams's Health Reconsidered,”
William and Mary Quarterly
55 (1998): 83–104.

34
. JA to Warren, June 27, 1775,
PJA
3:49.

35
. John Ferling, “ ‘Oh that I was a Soldier': John Adams and the Anguish of War,”
American Quarterly
36 (1984): 258–75.

36
. JA to AA, May 26, June 10, 1775,
AFC
1:206, 214.

37
. George W. Corner, ed.,
The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush: His Travels Through Life Together with His Commonplace Book for 1789–1813
(Princeton, N.J., 1948), 140.

38
. Editor's notes,
PJA
3:7–9, 156–58; 4:17–20.

39
. Joseph Ellis,
Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams
(New York, 1993), 42–43; David F. Hawke,
Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Gadfly
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1971), 164–65; G. S. Rowe,
Thomas McKean: The Shaping of a Republican
(Boulder, Colo., 1978), 164–65; TJ, “Character Sketches,” in Saul K. Padover, ed.,
The Complete Jefferson
(New York, 1943), 900, 904; Carol Berkin,
Jonathan Sewall: Odyssey of an American Loyalist
(New York, 1974), 142.

40
. JA to Warren, June 20, 21, 27, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:34, 43, 50, 61; SA to Warren, June 28, 1775,
LDC
1:553; Matthew Tilghman to Charles Carroll, June 20, 1775, ibid., 1:527.

41
. JA to Warren, June 27, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:50, 61; JA to Elbridge Gerry, [ante June 11], 1775, ibid., 3:23; JA to Joseph Palmer, July 5, 1775, ibid., 3:54; JA to William Tudor, July 6, 1775, ibid., 3:59–60; New Hampshire Delegates to Matthew Thornton, June 20, 1775,
LDC
1:524.

42
. Commission from the Continental Congress, June 19, 1775,
PGWR
1:6–7; Instructions from the Continental Congress, June 22, 1775, ibid., 1:21–22. On the Articles of War, see
JCC
2:122–23 and
PGWR
1:8n, 64n.

43
. JA to AA, June 23, 1775,
AFC
1:226; Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington: A Biography
(New York, 1948–57), 3:458–59; James T. Flexner,
George Washington and the American Revolution
(Boston, 1967), 23.

44
. Deane to Elizabeth Deane, June 22, 26–27, 1775,
LDC
1:532, 542; Connecticut Delegates to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., June 26, 1775, ibid., 1:542; JA to Warren, June 27, 1775,
PJA
3:50; JA to AA, June 23, 1775,
AFC
1:227.

45
. Samuel Blachley Webb to Joseph Webb, June 19, 1775, in Dennis P. Ryan, ed.,
A Salute to Courage: The American Revolution as Seen Through Wartime Writings of Officers of the Continental Army and Navy
(New York, 1979), 7.

46
. Account of Adjutant Waller, June 23, 1775, in Samuel Adams Drake, ed.,
Bunker Hill: The Story Told in Letters from the Field by British Officers Engaged
(Boston, 1875), 28, 29.