Independence (67 page)

47
. Galloway,
Candid Examination
, in Jensen,
Tracts of the American Revolution
, 387, 388, 390, 391.

48
. John Adams, “The Letters of Novanglus,”
PJA
2:216–387. The quotations are on pages 339 and 374.

49
. Alexander Hamilton,
A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress
(1774), in Harold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke, eds.,
Papers of Alexander Hamilton
, (New York, 1961–79), 1:45–78; Alexander Hamilton,
The Farmer Refuted
(1775), ibid., 1:81–165. The quotations can be found on pages 157–58.

50
. [Charles Lee],
Strictures on A “Friendly Address to All Reasonable Americans”
(1775), [Early American Imprint Series, no. 13372]; John Alden,
General Charles Lee: Traitor or Patriot?
(Baton Rouge, La., 1951), 62–65.

51
. Malcolm,
Peter's War
, 68.

52
. Fischer,
Paul Revere's Ride
, 287–88; Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 32.

53
. The best account of the events on this epic day can be found in Fischer,
Paul Revere's Ride
, 184–260, upon which my description is based. Pitcairn's order to the militiamen to lay down their arms and Revere's description of the sound of the British musketry can be found in ibid., pages 191 and 195.

54
. GW, Diary,
February 8, March 31, 1775,
DGW
3:308, 312, 319.

55
. Fairfax County Resolves, July 18, 1774,
PGWC
10:119–27.

56
. GW to George William Fairfax, June 10[–15], 1774,
PGWC
10:96–97.

57
. GW to Fairfax, May 31, 1775,
PGWC
10:368.

58
. GW to Robert McKenzie, October 9, 1774,
PGWC
10:172.

CHAPTER 5: “A RESCRIPT WRITTEN IN BLOOD”: JOHN DICKINSON AND THE APPEAL OF RECONCILIATION

1
. Louis Birnbaum,
Red Dawn at Lexington
(Boston, 1986), 196; Richard Frothingham,
History of the Siege of Boston
(Boston, 1849), 101; Allen French,
The Siege of Boston
(New York, 1911), 217.

2
. Richard M. Ketchum,
Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill
(New York, 1974), 64, 75; Birnbaum,
Red Dawn at Lexington
, 71–74. On General Ward, see Charles Martyn,
The Life of Artemas Ward
(New York, 1921).

3
. Benjamin Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway: A Political Partnership
(New Haven, Conn., 1972), 276–78; Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnston, May 11, 1775,
LDC
1:342.

4
. Robert Livingston to John Stevens, April 23, 1775,
LDC
1:331.

5
. Dickinson to Arthur Lee, April 29, 1775,
LDC
1:331.

6
. Lee to William Lee, May 10, 1775,
LDC
1:337.

7
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:314.

8
. SA to Richard Henry Lee, March 21, 1775, ibid., 1:321.

9
. David Hackett Fischer,
Paul Revere's Ride
(New York, 1994), 267–79. The quotations can be found on pages 269, 270, and 279.

10
. Frank L. Mott, “The Newspaper Coverage of Lexington and Concord,”
New England Quarterly
17 (1944): 489–505. The quotations can be found on pages, 496, 499, and 500.

11
. Philip Davidson,
Propaganda and the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1941), 150–52; Arthur M. Schlesinger,
Prelude to Independence: The Newspaper War on Britain, 1764–1776
(New York, 1966), 232–33.

12
. The depositions taken following the fighting can be found in
Am Archives
4th series, 2:489–502. The quotations are from pages 489, 490, 491, 493, 494, and 495.

13
. “Intercepted Letters of the Soldiery in Boston,” April 28, 1775,
Am Archives
4th series, 2:440–41.

14
. James Warren, “To the Inhabitants of Great Britain,” April 26, 1775,
Am Archives
4th series, 2:487–88.

15
. Robert S. Rantoul, “The Cruise of the ‘Quero': How We Carried the News to the King,”
Essex Institute Historical Collections
36 (1900): 5–18; Fred Junkin Hinkhouse,
The Preliminaries of the American Revolution as Seen in the English Press, 1763–1775
(reprint, New York, 1969), 188; Troy Bickham,
Making Headlines: The American Revolution as Seen Through the British Press
(DeKalb, Ill., 2009), 71–72.

16
. Lee to Lee, May 10, 1775,
LDC
1:337; Richard Caswell to William Caswell, May 11, 1775, ibid., 1:339–40; Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, May 12, 1775, ibid., 1:345–46; JA to AA, May 8, 1775,
AFC
1:195;
DGW
3:329n.

17
. JA to AA, May 8, 1775,
AFC
1:195.

18
. Caesar Rodney to Thomas Rodney, May 11, 1775,
LDC
1:344.

19
.
JCC
2:11–44; GW to Fairfax County Committee, May 16, 1775,
PGWC
10:364.

20
. BF to Galloway, May 8, 1775,
PBF
22:33; editor's note, ibid., 22:32–33n; Galloway to Joseph Verplanck, June 24, 1775,
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
21 (1897), 483; Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 281–84; Eliphalet Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, May 18, 1775,
LDC
1:357. Galloway's account of his meeting with BF can be found in Peter O. Hutchinson, ed.,
The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson, Esq
… (London, 1883–86), 2:237–38.

21
. Silas Deane, Diary, May 16, 1775,
LDC
1:351.

22
. Milton E. Flower,
John Dickinson: Conservative Revolutionary
(Charlottesville, Va., 1983), 23; JA, Diary, August 31, September 12, 1774, September 15, 1775,
DAJA
2:117, 133, 173.

23
. Dickinson to Samuel Dickinson, January 18, March 8, April 22, August 15, 1754, January 21, 1755, in H. Trevor Colbourn, ed., “A Pennsylvania Farmer at the Court of King George: John Dickinson's London Letters, 1754–1756,” in
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
86 (1962): 252, 257, 259, 268, 278, 421; Dickinson to Mary Cadwalader Dickinson, May 25, August 1, 1754, ibid., 86:275, 276.

24
. Jack Rakove,
Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America
(Boston, 2010), 6. The quotation can be found in Flower,
John Dickinson
, 38.

25
. John Dickinson,
A Speech, Delivered in the House of Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, May 24, 1764
, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of John Dickinson
(Philadelphia, 1895), 1:22–23, 24, 34; Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 88; editor's note,
PBF
11:194n; Flower,
John Dickinson
, 38; David L. Jacobson,
John Dickinson and the Revolution in Pennsylvania, 1764–1776
(Berkeley, Calif., 1965), 9.

26
. Joseph Galloway,
The Speech of Joseph Galloway
(London, 1765), 28; Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 89; Jacobson,
John Dickinson and the Revolution in Pennsylvania
, 17–19.

27
. Pennsylvania Assembly: Petition to the King, May 23, 26, 1764,
PBF
11:199–200; Dickinson,
A Speech, Delivered in the House of Assembly
, in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:21–49; Joseph Galloway,
Speech, in Answer to the Speech of John Dickinson, Esq.
(1764), in Charles Evans,
American Bibliography
(Chicago, 1903–59). See the Early American Imprint Series (Readex Microprint, 1955–69), Evans, no. 9671.

28
. BF, Preface to The Speech of Joseph Galloway, Esq., [August 1764],
PBF
11:271–311. BF's quote can be found on page 296.

29
. John Dickinson,
A Reply to a Piece called The Speech of Joseph Galloway, Esquire
(1764), in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:77–132; John Dickinson,
An Answer to Joseph Galloway
(1764), ibid., 1:137–40; Joseph Galloway,
To the Public, September 29, 1764
, Early American Imprint Series, Evans, no. 9674. The Dickinson quotes can be found in
A Reply
, pages 78, 81, 94, 102, 110, and 121–22.

30
. Quoted in Ernest H. Baldwin, “Joseph Galloway, the Loyalist Politician,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
26 (1902): 186.

31
. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 90; Flower,
John Dickinson
, 42.

32
. Jacobson,
John Dickinson and the Revolution in Pennsylvania
, 23.

33
. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 94, 98–100.

34
. Flower,
John Dickinson
, 43–62; Edmund S. Morgan and Helen M. Morgan,
The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1953), 108–9, 115.

35
. John Dickinson,
An Address to the Committee of Correspondence in Barbados
(Philadelphia, 1766), in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:251–76.

36
. Quoted in Flower,
John Dickinson
, 64, and Jacobson,
John Dickinson and the Revolution in Pennsylvania
, 58.

37
. Flower,
John Dickinson
, 58, 64–65.

38
. See Thomas R. Adams, ed.,
American Independence: The Growth of an Idea: A Bibliographical Study of the American Pamphlets Printed Between 1764–1776 Dealing with the Dispute Between Great Britain and Her Colonies
(Providence, R.I., 1965).

39
. Flower,
John Dickinson
, 69, 76; Jacobson,
John Dickinson and the Revolution in Pennsylvania
, 43, 69; Adams,
American Independence
, 39; Peter D. G. Thomas,
The Townshend Duty Crisis: The Second Phase of the American Revolution, 1767–1773
(Oxford, 1987), 77;
The Manuscripts of the Earl of Dartmouth: American Papers
(reprint, Boston, 1972), 2:235; Benjamin Franklin, Preface to John Dickinson's
Letters from a Farmer
, May 8, 1768,
PBF
15:111–12; JA, Diary, August 14, 1769,
DAJA
1:341–42.

40
. Carl F. Kaestle, “The Public Reaction to John Dickinson's ‘Farmer's Letters,' ”
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
78 (1968): 323–59. The quotations are from Flower,
John Dickinson
, pages 67 and 70.

41
. John Dickinson, “A Song for American Freedom,” July 1768, in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:425.

42
. [John Dickinson],
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies
(Philadelphia, 1768), in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:406. The quotations can be found on pages 312, 328, 348, 364, 386, 397, 400, and 404.

43
. Flower,
John Dickinson
, 76–99. On Josiah Quincy's comments on Fairhill, see “Journal of Josiah Quincy, January 1773,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
49 (1916): 473.

44
. John Dickinson, Two Letters on the Tea Tax, November 1773, in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:457–63. The quotes are on pages 461 and 462.

45
. John Dickinson, “Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies” (May 1774), in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:469–501. The quotes are on pages 498–99.

46
. Dickinson to Quincy, October 28, 1774,
LDC
1:251; Dickinson to Arthur Lee, April 29, 1775, ibid., 1:331–32.

47
. Dickinson to Arthur Lee, April 29, 1775,
LDC
1:331–32; Dickinson to Josiah Quincy Jr., October 28, 1774, ibid., 1:251; Dickinson to Cushing, December 11, 1774, ibid., 1:264; Dickinson to Samuel Ward, January 29, 1775, ibid., 1:303; John Dickinson, “Notes for a Speech in Congress,” [May 23–25?], 1775, ibid., 1:379.

48
. Quoted in Flower,
John Dickinson
, 66.

49
. The preceding paragraphs on Dickinson's speech draw on his “Notes for a Speech in Congress,” [May 23–25?], 1775,
LDC
1:371–82.

50
. Samuel Ward, Diary, May 15, 1775,
LDC
1:351; Silas Deane, Diary, May 16, 1775, ibid., 1:351;
JCC
2:53.

51
. Silas Deane, Diary, May 16, 1775,
LDC
1:352.

52
. JA to Warren, May 21, 1775,
PJA
3:11.

53
. Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York, 1968), 605–6.

54
. James Kirby Martin,
Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered
(New York, 1997), 60–72; Willard Sterne Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor
(New York, 1990), 92–108; John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 38–39.

55
. Connecticut Delegates to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., May 31, 1775,
LDC
1:422–23; Connecticut Delegates to William Williams, May 31, 1775, ibid., 1:423; Hancock to the New York Provincial Congress, June 1, 1775, ibid., 1:429;
JCC
2:64–65, 73–75.