How We Know What Isn't So (34 page)

20
C. A. Anderson & M. P. Slusher (1986) Relocating motivational effects: A synthesis of cognitive and motivational effects on attributions for success and failure.
Social Cognition, 4,
270-92; P. E. Tetlock & A. Levi (1982) Attribution bias: On the inconclusiveness of the cognition-motivation debate.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18,
68-88.

21
R. B. Zajonc (1980) Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
American Psychologist, 35,
151-75.

22
Z. Kunda (1990) The case for motivated reasoning.
Psychological Bulletin
, in press.

23
Ibid., p. 10.

24
Z. Kunda & R. Sanitioso (1989) Motivated changes in the self-concept.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25,
272-85; Z. Kunda, R. Sanitioso, & G. T. Fong (1988) Motivated changes in the self-concept. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA; R. Sanitioso (1989) Mechanisms for motivated changes in the self-concept. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Princeton University.

25
P. Diaconis (1977) Statistical problems in ESP research.
Science, 201,
131-36.

26
T. C. Schelling (1978)
Micromotives and macrobehavior
. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 64-65.

27
D. Dunning, J. A. Meyerowitz, & A. Holzberg (1989) Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments ability.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57,
1082-1090; D. Dunning, A. L. Story, & P. L. Tan (1990) The self as model of excellence in social evaluation. Unpublished manuscript.

28
L. B. Alloy & L. Y. Abramson (1979) Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser?
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108,
441-85; S. E. Taylor & J. D. Brown (1988) Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health.
Psychological Bulletin, 103
, 193210.

29
R. P. Abelson (1986) Beliefs are like possessions.
Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 16,
222-50.

30
Ibid., p. 231.

Chapter 6.
Believing What We Are Told

1
J. B. Watson & R. Raynor (1920) Conditioned emotional reactions.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3,
1-14.

2
B. Harris (1979) Whatever happened to little Albert?
American Psychologist, 34,
151-60.

3
H. J. Eysenck (1960) Learning theory and behaviour therapy. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.),
Behaviour therapy and the neuroses: Readings in modern methods of treatment derived from learning theory
. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

4
C. W. Telford & J. M. Sawrey (1968)
Psychology
. Belmont, CA: Brooks/ Cole.

5
J. O. Whittaker (1965)
Introduction to psychology
. Philadelphia: Saunders.

6
E. R. Hilgard, R. C. Atkinson, & R. L. Atkinson (1975)
Psychology
(6th ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; G. W. Kisker (1977)
The disorganized personality
(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill; B. Weiner (1977) (Ed.)
Discovering psychology
. Chicago: Science Research Associates.

7
E. G. Boring, H. S. Langfeld, & H. P. Weld (1948) (Eds.)
Foundations of psychology
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8
T. L. Engle & L. Snellgrove (1969)
Psychology: Its Principles and applications (5th ed.)
. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World; W. L. Gardiner (1970)
Psychology: A story of a search.
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole; J. O. Whittaker (1965)
Introduction to psychology.
Philadelphia: Saunders.

9
H. P. Grice (1975) Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.),
Syntax and semantics
(Vol. 3). New York: Academic Press.

10
F. C. Bartlett
(1932)
Remembering
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11
G. W. Allport & L. J. Postman (1947)
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12
T. Gilovich (1987) Secondhand information and social judgment.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23,
59-74.

13
F. Heider (1958)
The psychology of interpersonal relations
. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; R. Nisbett & L. Ross (1980)
Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

14
E. E. Jones & R. E. Nisbett (1972) The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.),
Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior
. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

15
T. Gilovich (1987) Secondhand information and social judgment.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23,
59-74.

16
Ibid., Experiment 3.

17
J. W. Connor (1984) Misperception, folk belief, and the occult: A cognitive guide to understanding.
Skeptical Inquirer, 8
344-54.

18
M. Fumento (1990)
The myth of heterosexual AIDS
. New York: Basic Books.

19
T. J. Moore (1989) The cholesterol myth.
Atlantic Monthly
. September, p. 37-70.

20
“It’s not hysterical to aid missing children.” (1985)
USA Today
. July 19, p. A10.

21
A. P. Weisman (1986) I was a drug-hype junkie.
New Republic
. October 6, p. 14-17.

22
D. E. Berlyne (1960)
Conflict, arousal, and curiosity
. New York: McGraw-Hill; M. Csikszentmihalyi (1975)
Beyond boredom and anxiety
. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

23
“Overheard” (1987)
Newsweek
. July 13, p. 13.

24
“Too late for prince charming?” (1986)
Newsweek
. June 2, p. 5461.

25
J. Randi (1986)
Flim-flam: Psychics, ESP, unicorns and otherdelusions
. Buffalo, NY:Prometheus Books.

26
Cited in M. Fumento (1990)
The myth of heterosexual AIDS
. New York: Basic Books, p. 168.

27
M. E. P. Seligman(1970)On the generality of the laws of learning.
Psychological Review, 77
,406-18; M. E. P. Seligman (1971) Phobias and preparedness.
Behavior Therapy, 2,
307-20.

28
M. E. P. Seligman (1971) Phobias and preparedness.
Behavior Therapy, 2,
307-20.

29 S. Sass (1989) A patently false patent myth.
Skeptical Inquirer, 13,
310-12.

30
M. Hall (1965) The great cabbage hoax: A case study.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2,
563-69.

31
Cited in M. Fumento (1990)
The myth of heterosexual AIDS
. New York: Basic Books, p. 3.

32
Ibid., p. 249.

33
Ibid., p. 324.

Chapter 7
. The Imagined Agreement of Others

1
S. Freud (1956) Further remarks on the defense neuropsychoses.
Collected papers of Sigmund Freud,
Vol. 1. London: Hogarth Press.

2
D. S. Holmes (1968) Dimensions of projection.
Psychological Bulletin, 69,
248-68.

3
L. Ross, D. Greene, & P. House (1977) The false consensus effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13,
279-301.

4
Ibid.

5
Ibid.

6
W. D. Crano (1983) Assumed consensus of attitudes: The effect of vested interest.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9,
597608; S. J. Sherman, C. C. Presson, L. Chassin, E. Corty, & P. Olshavsky (1983) The false consensus effect in estimates of smoking prevalence: Underlying mechanisms.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9,
197-207; W. Wagner & H. B. Gerard (1983) Similarity of comparison group, opinions about facts and values and social projection.
Archives of Psychology, 135,
313-24.

7
S. J. Sherman, C. C. Presson, & L. Chassin (1984) Mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect: The special role of threats to the self.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10,
127-38.

8
K. Granberg & M. King (1980) Crossed-lagged panel analysis of the relation between attraction and perceived similarity.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16,
573-81; D. R. Kinder (1978) Political person perception: The asymmetrical influence of sentiment and choice on perceptions of presidential candidates.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36
,859-71; G. Marks & N. Miller (1982) Target attractiveness as a mediator of assumed attitude similarity.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8
, 728-35.

9
D. Frey (1986) Recent research on selective exposure. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.)
Advances in experimental social psychology
. (Vol. 19; pp. 41-80). Orlando, Fl: Academic Press; D. O. Sears & J. L. Freedman (1967) Selective exposure to information: A critical review.
Public Opinion Quarterly, 31
, 194-213.

10
S. J. Sherman, C. C. Presson, L. Chassin, E. Corty, & P. Olshavsky (1983) The false consensus effect in estimates of smoking prevalence: Underlying mechanisms.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9
, 197-207.

11
E. E. Jones & R. E. Nisbett (1972) The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones, D. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, & B. Weiner (Eds.),
Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior
(pp. 79-94). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

12 T. Gilovich, S. Jennings, & D. L. Jennings (1983) Causal focus and estimates of consensus: An examination of the false consensus effect.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45
, 550-59.

13
T. Gilovich (1990) Differential construal and the false consensus effect.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, in press.

14
S. E. Asch (1948) The doctrine of suggestion, prestige, and imitation in social psychology.
Psychological Review, 55
, 250-76.

15
E. Goffman (1963)
Behavior in public places: Notes on the social organization of gatherings
. New York: Free Press.

16
J. Martin (1982)
Miss Manners’ guide to excruciatingly correct behavior
. New York: Warner Books, p. 76.

17
E. Post (1960)
Etiquette: The blue book of social usage.
New York: Funk & Wagnalls, P. 46.

18
E. T. Higgins & W. S. Rholes (1978) Saying is believing: Effects of message modification on memory and liking for the person described.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 14
, 363-78: M. Manis, S. D. Cornell, & J. C. Moore (1974) Transmission of attitude-relevant information through a communication chain.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 30
, 81-94: D. Newtson & T. Czerlinsky (1974) Adjustment of attitude communications for contrasts by extreme audiences.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30
, 829-37.

19
E. E. Jones & V. A. Harris (1967) The attribution of attitudes.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3
, 2-24: M. Manis, S. D. Cornell, & J. C. Moore (1974) Transmission of attitude-relevant information through a communication chain.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30
, 81-94: L. D. Koss (1977) The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),
Advances in experimental social psychology
(Vol. 10, pp. 173-219). New York: Academic Press.

20
R. Paine (1967) What is gossip about? An alternative hypothesis.
Man: The journal of the royal anthropological institute, 2
, 278-85; J. Sabini & M. Silver (1982)
Moralities of everyday life
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 5: J. Suis (1977) Gossip as social comparison.
Journal of Communication, 27
, 164-68.