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109. Brandes,
Tschechen
, vol. 1, 32ff; Mastny,
Czechs
, 94f.

110. Bormann to Heydrich, in National Archives, Prague, 114-2-26.

111. Heydrich quotation from his speech in Černín Palace of 2 October 1941, in Kárný et al.

(eds),
Deutsche Politik
, doc. 22, p. 120. Bryant,
Prague in Black
, 31.

112. Werner Koeppen’s report on Heydrich’s conversation with Hitler, 2 October 1941, in

Kárný et al. (eds),
Deutsche Politik
, doc. 21, p. 107.

N OT E S to pp. 243–9

341

113. Kárný, ‘Introduction’, in ibid., 13–14. On the SD reports, see Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen

aus dem Reich
. Heydrich’s time in Prague is covered in vols 8 to 10, pp. 2809–3787. The

daily and monthly SD reports from the Protectorate ended in October 1941.

114. Goebbels’s diary entry of 15 February 1942, in
Tagebücher
, part II, vol. 3, 316.

115. Heydrich’s speech in Prague Castle, 4 February 1942, in National Archives, Prague,

114-6-2, carton 22, f. 4.

116. Heinemann, ‘“Perpetrator”’, 387ff.

117. Browning,
Origins
, 240ff.; Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 26ff.; Karel C. Berkhoff,
Harvest of

Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule
(Cambridge, MA, 2004), 35ff.; Dean,

Collaboration
, 110ff.; Streit,
Keine Kameraden
, 128.

118. Heinemann, ‘“Perpetrator”’, 387ff.

119. Memorandum by General Friderici, Plenipotentiary of the Wehrmacht to the Reich

Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, on the meeting of 9 October 1940, as printed in

Václav Král (ed.),
Die Deutschen in der Tschechoslowakei 1933–1947. Dokumentensammlung

(Prague, 1964), doc. 322a, pp. 427f.

120. Foreign Office memo on Hitler’s decision about Czech autonomy and Germanization

policies in the Protectorate of 14 October 1940, in ibid., 428.

121. Heinemann,
‘Rasse’
, 155ff.

122. Bryant,
Prague in Black
, 159. See, too, Isabel Heinemann, ‘“Deutsches Blut”. Die

Rasseexperten der SS und die Volksdeutschen’, in Jerzy Kochanowski and Maike Sach

(eds),
Die ‘Volksdeutschen’ in Polen, Frankreich, Ungarn und der Tschechoslowakei. Mythos und

Realität
(Osnabrück, 2006), 163–82.

123. Heydrich during the senior staff meeting in the Reich Protector’s Office on 17 October

1941, in National Archives, Prague, 114-2-26.

124. Deschner,
Heydrich
, 217ff.; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 155ff.

125. Naudé,
Politischer Beamter
, 124; see, too, Dennler,
Böhmische Passion
, 62f.

126. Heydrich’s speech in Černín Palace on 2 October 1941, in National Archives, Prague,

114-6-4, carton 22.

127. Ibid., Bryant,
Prague in Black
, 159.

128. On this debate, see in greater detail Robert Gerwarth and Stephan Malinowski, ‘Hannah

Arendt’s Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz’,

Central European History
42 (2009), 279–300.

129. Hitler on 17 September 1941, as quoted in Hitler,
Monologe
, 62f.; see, too, 193 and 361.

130. Birthe Kundrus, ‘Kontinuitäten, Paral elen, Rezeptionen. Überlegungen zur Kolonialisierung

des Nationalsozialismus’,
WerkstattGeschichte
43 (2006), 45–62, here 57f.

131. Reinhard Höhn and Helmut Seydel, ‘Der Kampf um die Wiedergewinnung des deut-

schen Ostens. Erfahrungen der preussischen Ostsiedlung 1866–1914’, in
Festgabe für

Heinrich Himmler
(Darmstadt, 1941), 61–174, particularly 99ff. On Imperial Germany’s

‘colonial policies’ towards Poland, see Philipp Ther, ‘Deutsche Geschichte als imperiale

Geschichte. Polen, slawophone Minderheiten und das Kaiserreich als kontinentales

Empire’, in Sebastian Conrad and Jürgen Osterhammel (eds),
Das Kaiserreich transna-

tional. Deutschland in der Welt, 1871–1914
(Göttingen, 2004), 129–48; Thomas Serrier,

Entre Allemagne et Pologne: Nations et identités frontalières, 1848–1914
(Paris, 2002);

Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius,
The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present
(Oxford,

2009).

132. Heydrich’s speech in Černín Palace on 2 October 1941, in National Archives, Prague,

114-6-4, carton 22.

133. Goebbels had read a draft of the speech and commented on it in writing. See his letter to

Heydrich of 28 September 1941, in National Archives, Prague, 114-6-4, carton 1140.

134. Witte et al. (eds),
Dienstkalender
, 20 March 1941; Helmut Heiber, ‘Der Generalplan Ost’,

VfZ
6 (1958), 281–325.

135. On the genesis of the Generalplan Ost and the RuSHA’s plans, see Heinemann,
‘Rasse’
,

362ff.; Rutherford,
Prelude
; Czeslaw Madajczyk (ed.),
Vom Generalplan Ost zum

Generalsiedlungsplan
(Munich, 1994); Rolf-Dieter Müller,
Hitler’s Ostkrieg und die deutsche

Siedlungspolitik. Die Zusammenarbeit von Wehrmacht, Wirtschaft und SS
(Frankfurt, 1991);

Mechtild Rössler and Sabine Schleiermacher (eds),
Der ‘Generalplan Ost’. Hauptlinien der

nationalsozialistischen Planungs-und Vernichtungspolitik
(Berlin, 1993).

342

N OT E S to pp. 250–2

136. On the context, see Alena Mišková, ‘Rassenforschung und Oststudien an der Deutschen

(Karls-) Universität in Prag’, in Detlef Brandes, Edita Ivanićková and Jiří Pešek (eds),

Erzwungene Trennung. Vertreibungen und Aussiedlungen in und aus der Tschechoslowakei

1938–1947 im Vergleich mit Polen, Ungam und Jugoslawien
(Essen, 1999). On Karl Valentin

Müller, see Eduard Kubů, ‘“Die Bedeutung des deutschen Blutes im Tschechentum”. Der

“wissenschaftspädagogische” Beitrag des Soziologen Karl Valentin Müller zur Lösung des

Problems der Germanisierung Mitteleuropas’,
Bohemia. Zeitschrift für Geschichte und

Kultur der böhmischen Länder
45 (2004), 93–114.

137. Müller’s appointment certificate, 6 November 1941, as quoted in Kubů, ‘Bedeutung’, 98.

138. Martin Paul Wolff to Franz-Alfred Six, with copy of Müller’s memorandum ‘Die tsche-

chisch–deutsche Frage’, in Státní oblastní archiv Praha (Prague State Archive), NSDAP

Prag, file collection ‘K. V. Müller’. See, too, Kubů, ‘Bedeutung’, 96ff.

139. Kubů, ‘Bedeutung’, 96ff.

140. Hans Joachim Beyer,
Aufbau und Entwicklung des ostdeutschen Volksraums
(Berlin, 1935);

Karl Heinz Roth, ‘Heydrichs Professor. Historiographie des “Volkstums” und der

Massenvernichtungen. Der Fall Hans Joachim Beyer’, in Peter Schöttler (ed.),

Geschichtsschreibung als Legitimationswissenschaft
(Frankfurt, 1997), 262–342, esp. 307.

141. Alexander Pinwinkler, ‘“Assimilation” und “Dissimilation” in der Bevölkerungsgeschichte

ca. 1918–1960’, in Rainer Mackensen (ed.),
Bevölkerungsforschung und Politik in Deutschland

im 20. Jahrhundert
(Wiesbaden, 2006), 23–48, here 36.

142. Hans Joachim Beyer, ‘Auslese und Assimilation’,
Deutsche Monatshefte
7 (1940), 418; idem,

‘Amerikanisches oder bolschewistisches “Volkstum”’,
Deutsche Volksforschung in Böhmen

und Mähren
2 (1943), 204ff.; see, too, Roth, ‘Heydrichs Professor’, 262ff.

143. Hans Joachim Beyer,
Das Schicksal der Polen. Rasse – Volkscharakter – Stammesart
(Leipzig,

1942), 158ff.

144. In 1945, Beyer escaped from Prague to Germany and started a second and rather different

career, first as spokesperson of the Protestant Church in Schleswig-Holstein, then, from

1950, as professor of history at the University of Flensburg. Pinnwinkler, ‘“Assimilation”’,

30; Andreas Wiedemann,
Die Reinhard-Heydrich-Stiftung in Prag 1942–1945
(Dresden,

2000); Alena Míškováin, ‘Die Deutsche Universität Prag im Vergleich mit anderen deut-

schen Universitäten der Kriegzeit’, in Hans Lemberg (ed.),
Universitäten in nationaler

Konkurrenz. Zur Geschichte der Prager Universitäten im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
(Munich,

2003), 177–94, here 186.

145. Heydrich’s speech in Černín Palace on 2 October 1941, in National Archives, Prague,

114-6-4, carton 22. For the SS racial surveys of March 1940 on which Heydrich’s opinion

was based, see BAB, NS 2/88, 30–8.

146. Heydrich’s speech in Černín Palace on 2 October 1941, in National Archives, Prague,

114-6-4, carton 22. On the context, see Boris Čelovský (ed.),
Germanisierung und Genozid.

Hitlers Endlösung der tschechischen Frage. Deutsche Dokumente 1933–1945
(Brno and

Dresden, 2005).

147. Götz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth,
Die restlose Erfassung. Volkszählen, Identifizieren, Aussondern

im Nationalsozialismus
(Frankfurt am Main, 2000); Bartov, ‘Defining Enemies’, 135ff.; Eric

D. Weitz,
A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation
(Princeton, NJ, 2003), 113ff.

148. Heinemann, “Perpetrator”, 392.

149. For a general discussion of the various agencies involved in the ethnic reconstruction of

occupied Europe, see Isabel Heinemann, ‘“Ethnic Resettlement” and Inter-Agency

Cooperation in the Occupied Eastern Territories’, in Gerald D. Feldman and Wolfgang

Seibel (eds),
Networks of Nazi Persecution: Bureaucracy, Business, and the Organization of the

Holocaust
(Oxford and New York, 2004), 213–35.

150. Although no record exists of this conversation, Hitler’s lunchtime table talk that day

consisted of a monologue on the destruction of the Czech people. Heydrich was present

and their conversation about the Protectorate must have taken place either before or after

that meal. See Hitler,
Monologe
, 106ff.

151. Heydrich’s speech in Prague Castle on 4 February 1942, in National Archives, Prague,

114–22.

152. Bryant,
Prague in Black
, 158. John Connelly, ‘Nazis and Slavs: From Racial Theory to

Racist Practice’,
Central European History
32 (1999), 1–33, here 16–19; Lothar Kettenacker,

N OT E S to pp. 252–8

343

Nationalsozialistische Volkstumspolitik im Elsass
(Stuttgart, 1973), 232; Doris Bergen,

‘The Nazi Concept of “Volksdeutsche” and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in

Eastern Europe, 1939–1945’,
Journal of Contemporary History
29 (1994), 569–82,

here 572.

153. Bryant,
Prague in Black,
158–9.

154. Werner Koeppen’s report on the meeting of Heydrich and Hitler of 1–2 October 1941, in

Kárný et al. (eds),
Deutsche Politik
, doc. 21, p. 107.

155. Heydrich to Bormann, 30 December 1941, in ibid., doc. 65, p. 206. See, too, Bryant,

Prague in Black,
158.

156. Heydrich to Bormann, 18 May 1942, in Kárný et al. (eds),
Deutsche Politik
, doc. 98, p. 272.

157. Bryant,
Prague in Black
.

158. On the Bodenamt and land confiscations, see Miloš Hořejš, ‘Spolupráce Böhmisch-

Mährische Landgesellschaft, Bodenamt für Böhmen und Mähren a Volksdeutsche

Mittelstelle na germanizaci ćeské půdy na Mělnicku a Mladoboleslavsku (1939–1945)’,

Terezínské listy
34 (2006), 89–124.

159. Heydrich at senior staff meeting in the Reich Protector’s Office, 17 October 1941, in

National Archives, Prague, 114-2-26. Heydrich’s speech of 4 February 1942, in National

Archives, Prague, 114–22, p. 23.

160. Wendy Lower, ‘A New Ordering of Space and Race: Nazi Colonial Dreams in Zhytomyr,

Ukraine 1941–1944’,
German Studies Review
25 (2002), 227–54; Uwe Mai,
Rasse und

Raum. Agrarpolitik, Sozial-und Raumplanung im NS-Staat
(Paderborn, 2002).

161. SD files on members of the Prague Land Office, in National Archives, Prague, 114-5-15,

carton 19.

162. Brandes, ‘Nationalsozialistische Tschechenpolitik’, 53–4.

163. On the number of Czechs expelled from their homes, see Brandes,
Tschechen
, vol. 1, 170;

Heinemann,
‘Rasse’
, 166–7.

164. Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire
, 186.

165. Heydrich’s speech in Černín Palace on 2 October 1941, in National Archives, Prague,

114-6-4, carton 22.

166. On Heydrich’s racial experts, see Roth, ‘Generalplan Ost’, 36; Heinemann,
‘Rasse’
, 131;

Míšková, ‘Rassenforschung’, 39ff.

167. Brandes, ‘Nationalsozialistische Tschechenpolitik’, 52; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 101.

168. Heinemann,
‘Rasse’
169ff.; Bryant,
Prague in Black
, 161.

169. Heydrich’s speech in Prague Castle of 4 February 1942, in National Archives, Prague,

114–22, 24. For a detailed discussion of Heydrich’s youth policy, see Tara Zahra,
Kidnapped

Souls: National Indifference and the Battle for Children in the Bohemian Lands, 1900–1948

(Ithaca, NY, and London, 2008), 232ff.

170. Heydrich’s speech in Prague Castle of 4 February 1942, in National Archives, Prague,

114–22, 24.

171. Ibid.

172. Höppner to Ehlich and Eichmann, 3 September 1941, as quoted in Michael Alberti
, Die

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