Europe: A History (261 page)
i
.
(2) The Origins of Standard Mathematical Notation: A Selection
. (After Cajori.)
| Sign | | Date | Probable first use |
 | latus, square root | — | Roman |
| 1/2 | fractional line | 1202 | Leonardo da Pisa, Liber abbaci |
| % | per cent | 1425 | Italian commercial usage |
| + | (et) plus | 1489 | J. Widman, Behennde und hubsche Rechnung auf |
| − | minus | 1489 | alien Kaufmanschaften |
 | plus | 1494 | Luca Pacioli, Summa de arithmetica (Venice) |
 | minus | 1494 | |
| M | multiplicatio | 1544 | M. Stifel, Arithmetica integra (Germany) |
| D | divisio | | |
| = | equality | 1557 | R. Recorde, Ground of Artes (Oxford) |
| • | decimal fraction | 1585 | Simon Stevin, La thiende (Antwerp) |
| ± | plus/minus | 1626 | J. Girard (France) |
| × | multiplication | 1631 | W. Oughtred, Clavis mathematica (London) |
 | proportion | 1631 | |
 | difference | 1631 | |
| > | greater than | 1631 | T. Harriot, Artis analyticae praxis (London) |
| less than | 1631 | | |
| X 2 | powers | 1634 | P. Herigone, Cursus mathematicus (Paris) |
| ∞ | infinity | 1655 | J. Wallis, De sectionibus conicis (Oxford) |
 | similar | 1655 | |
| ÷ | division | 1659 | J. H. Rahn, Teutsche Algebra (Nuremberg) |
 | therefore | 1659 | |
| : | ratio | 1669 | V. Wing, Astronomica britannica (London) |
 | square root | 1669 | |
| π | pi | 1706 | W. Jones, Synopsis palmariorum matheseos |
| ( ) | aggregation | 1726 | J. Herman, Commentarii , i (St Petersburg) |
| e | logarithm base | 1736 | L Euler, Mechanica , i |
| E | Euler’s Number | 1736 | |
| C | Euler’s Constant | 1736 | L Euler, Commentarii (SI Petersburg) |
| ∫ | summa, number theory | 1750 | L Euler, De numeris amicalibus |
| Σ | summation | 1755 | L Euler, Institutiones calculi differentialis |
| ≡ | congruence | 1801 | F. Gauss, Disquisitiones arithmeticae |
 | since, because | 1805 | Gentleman’s Mathematical Companion |
The Growth of the Royal Domain in France, to 1547
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