Europe: A History (257 page)

Innocent II, 1130–43

[Anacletus II, 1130–8]

[Victor IV, 1138]

Celestine II, 1143–4

Lucius II, 1144–5

Eugene III, 1145–53

Anastasius IV, 1153–4

Hadrian IV, 1154–9

Alexander III, 1159–81

[Victor IV, 1159–64]

[Paschal III, 1164–8]

[Callistus (III), 1168–78]

[Innocent (III), 1179–80]

Lucius III, 1181–5

Urban III, 1185–7

Gregory VIII, 1187

Clement III, 1187–91

Celestine III, 1191–8

Innocent III, 1198–1216

Honorius III, 1216–27

Gregory IX, 1227–41

Celestine IV, 1241

Innocent IV, 1243–54

Alexander IV, 1254–61

Urban IV, 1261–4

Clement IV, 1265–8

Gregory X, 1271–6

Innocent V, 1276

Hadrian V, 1276

John XXI, 1276–7

Nicholas III, 1277–80

Martin IV, 1281–5

Honorius IV, 1285–7

Nicholas IV, 1288–92

Celestine V, St Peter, 1294

Boniface VIM, 1294–1303

Benedict IX, 1303–4

Clement V, 1305–14

John XXII, 1316–34

Nicholas (V), 1328–30]

Benedict XII, 1334–42

Clement VI, 1342–52

Innocent VI, 1352–62

Urban V, 1362–70

Gregory XI, 1370–8

Urban VI, 1378–89

[Clement (VII), 1378–94]

Boniface IX, 1389–1404

[Benedict (XIII), 1394–1417]

Innocent VII, 1404–6

Gregory XII, 1406–15

[Alexander V, 1409–10]

[John (XXIII), 1410–15]

Martin V, 1417–31

[Clement (VIII), 1423–9]

[Benedict (XIV), 1425]

Eugene IV, 1431–47

[Felix V, 1439–49]

Nicholas V, 1447–55

Callistus III, 1455–8

Pius II, 1458–64

Paul II, 1464–71

Sixtus IV, 1471–84

Innocent VIII, 1484–92

Alexander VI, 1492–1503

Pius III, 1503

Julius II, 1503–13

Leo X, 1513–21

Hadrian VI, 1522–3

Clement VII, 1523–34

Paul III, 1534–9

Julius III, 1550–5

Marcellus II, 1555

Paul IV, 1555–9

Pius IV, 1559–65

Pius V, St, 1566–72

Gregory XIII, 1572–85

Sixtus V, 1585–90

Urban VII, 1590

Gregory XIV, 1590–1

Innocent IX, 1591

Clement VIII, 1592–1605

Leo XI, 1605

Paul V, 1605–21

Gregory XV, 1621–3

Urban VIII, 1623–44

Innocent X, 1644–55

Alexander VII, 1655–67

Clement IX, 1667–9

Clement X, 1670–6

Innocent XI, 1676–89

Alexander VIII, 1689–91

Innocent XII, 1691–1700

Clement XI, 1700–21

Innocent XIII, 1721–4

Benedict XIII, 1724–30

Clement XII, 1730–40

Benedict XIV, 1740–58

Clement XIII, 1758–69

Clement XIV, 1769–74

Pius VI, 1775–99

Pius VII, 1800–23

Leo XII, 1823–9

Pius VIII, 1829–30

Gregory XVI, 1831–46

Pius IX, 1846–78

Leo XIII, 1878–1903

Pius X, St, 1903–14

Benedict XV, 1914–22

Pius XI, 1922–39

Pius XII, 1939–58

John XXIII, 1958–63

Paul VI, 1963–78

John Paul 1,1978

John Paul II, 1978–

Source
J.N. D. Kelly,
The Oxford Dictionary of Popes
, Oxford, 1988.

Palaeography

(a)
Roman majuscule (Virgil, 4th–5th cents,
AD),
(b)
Roman minuscule, mixed uncials
(Pandects
, 6th-7th cents.),
(c)
Lombardic or Beneventan cursive (Lectionary, Monte Cassino, 1058–87).
(d)
English pointed insular
(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, c
.1045).
(e)
Carolingian minuscule, Latin (10th cent.). (ƒ)
Littera fractura
, Gothic script (14th cent).
(g)
Gothic rotunda (Horace, Cremona, 1391).
(h)
Greek papyrus (Timotheus,
Persae
, 4th cent.
BC).

a
.

b
.

c
.

d
.

e
.

f
.

g
.

h
.

(
i
) Greek ‘biblical uncial’ (1 Cor. 12;
Codex sinaiticus
,
CAD
350; after C. H. Roberts), (
j
) Greek cursive minuscules (
Iliad
vi, BM Townley MS,
c
.1255). (
k
) Glagolithic (Kiev Missal: 9th-cent. translation of a 7th-cent. Roman rite). (
l
) Bulgarian Cyrillic (
Savinna Kniga
, 11th cent, preserved at Pskov, Russia), (
m
) Serbian Cyrillic (15th cent. MS, Belgrade; after R. Auty). (
n
) Ottoman chancellery script (accounts from Podolia, late 17th cent., after D. Kotodejczyk).

i
.

j
.