Europe: A History (258 page)

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Eagles and Crosses
Top row, left to right
, (
a
) Double-headed Roman Eagle under a single crown, symbolizing the creation of the Eastern and Western Empires (after an inscription in Athens, 4th century
AD
), (
b
) Late Byzantine Eagle, from the throne of Sophia Palaeologos, Grand Duchess of Moscow,
c
.1470. (
c
) Charlemagne’s Eagle, embroidered in silk on his cloak (9th century, after Frutiger).
Centre
: (
d
) The ‘Small Coat-of-Arms’ of the Russian Empire, 1914: crowned imperial double-headed black eagle holding orb and sceptre, with the arms of the city of Moscow in escutcheon and surmounted by the Romanov crown. The eagle’s wings carry the arms of the Tsar’s assumed titles (
dexter:
Kazan, the white eagle of Poland, Taurida and Kiev, Novgorod and Vladimir;
sinister
. Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, and Finland).
Bottom row, left to right
, (
e
) The ‘Small Coat-of-Arms’ of the Austrian Empire, 1915: crowned imperial double-headed black eagle holding orb and sword, with the red-white-red shield of Austria in escutcheon, ensigned by the Habsburg Crown, (
f
) Arms of the Albanian People’s Republic, 1944. (
g
) Arms of the Kingdom of Spain, 1947: a black eagle bearing in escutcheon a crowned shield quartered with the arms of Castile and Leon, Aragón and Navarre, supported by a yoke, the pomegranate of Granada, and a sheaf of arrows, and surmounted by the slogan of the Falanga, ‘One, Great, and Free’.

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1st row (left to right): Crux capitata
, Crucifixion Cross or Latin Cross;
Crux decussata
or St Andrew’s Cross; Greek Cross; St Peter’s Cross; Cardinal’s Cross or Cross of Lorraine; Templars’ Cross or Disc Cross.
2nd row:
Papal Cross; Triple Cross; Orthodox Cross; Cross of Jerusalem; Germanic Cross; Heart Cross.
3rd row:
Cross of the Crusades; Gamma Cross; Sword Cross; Anchor Cross of Faith; Anchor Sign (Cross of Christ with the Virgin Mary’s Crescent); Cloverleaf Cross.
4th row:
Chi-Rho sign (monogram of Christ); Cross of St John or Maltese Cross; Celtic Cross (Christian Cross within the Sun); Alpha Cross; Omega Cross; Leaf Cross.
5th row:
Resurrection Cross; modified Maltese Cross; Arrowhead Cross; Teutonic or Iron Cross; Polish Anchor Cross (
Polska walczy
, ‘Poland fights’); Runic Circle Cross.
6th row:
Pagan Sun Cross; Runic Lightning Cross; clockwise
Gammadion, Fylfot
, or ‘Swastika’, signifying bad luck; anti-clockwise swastika, signifying good fortune. (After Frutiger.)