Empires and Barbarians (128 page)

Norway
274
,
281
,
372
,
453
–4,
464
,
498
,
528
,
537

Notitia Dignitatum
340

Novotroitskoe
426

Ntaryamira, President Cyprien
1

Nydam boat
505

Odovacar
224
,
225
,
240
,
243
,
251
,
254
,
258
,
261

Odry (Poland), cemetery at
49
,
56

Offa, King of Mercia
454

Olaf the White
458

Oleg
479
,
480
,
535
,
536
,
551

Olympiodorus of Thebes
174
,
175
,
216
,
220

Onegesius
228
,
230

optimates
542
,
542
–3,
563

Ostrogoths
57
,
70
,
123
,
220
,
224
,
339
,
343
,
347
–8,
358
,
375

conquering of by Byzantines (536)
241
,
243
–4

conquering of Italy
354
,
586

destruction of by Justinian
361
,
364
,
378

Otto I, King
369
,
554

Otto III, Emperor
515
–16,
519
,
555
,
556
,
559

Ottoman Empire
369
,
380

Ottonians
554
–63,
571

Palestinian refugees
29

Pannonia
126
,
127
,
207
,
208
,
225
,
231
–2,
253
,
340

Parthian War
99

peasantry
614

peer polity interaction
573
,
575

Peloponnese
402
,
404
,
431
–2

Penkovka system
415
–16,
419

Perigastes
424

Persia
137
,
378
,
379
,
401
,
402

Petchenegs
213
,
521

Petrovskoe
493

philology
46

Piasts
515
,
520
,
521
,
522
–3,
528
,
533
–4,
549
,
573

castle construction
534
,
550

conversion to Christianity
567

military power of
522

rise to power
533
–4,
550

and slave trade
567

Picts
287
–8

Pippin
367
,
456

place-name evidence

Anglo-Saxonization and
269
–70

Frankish immigration
325

Viking migration
485
,
487
–8

ploughing/ploughs
74
,
293
,
430
,
546

Poland
104
,
371
,
390
–1,
392
,
412
,
520
,
528
,
563

agricultural economy
546

at start of first millennium
516

extent of lands
520

law books
527

military capability
522
–3

and Piast dynasty
see
Piasts population density
550

and trade
549

trade in lands
528

Polesia
441

political migration
1
,
29
,
30
–1,
33
,
597
–8

pollen studies
52
,
429

Pomerania
371
,
469

Portchester
285

Postumus, Emperor
108

Potgieter, Hendrik
144

pottery
141
,
253
–4,
373

Cernjachov
118

Germanic
53
,
373
,
374

Slavic
409
–10,
412
,
416
,
430
–1

Premyslids
428
,
516
,
521
,
529
,
531
–2,
550
,
573

primordialists
24
,
25

Priscus
220
,
227
–8,
230
,
231
,
232

Procopius
243
,
247
,
261
,
282
,
392
,
394
,
400
,
423
,
430
,
433
,
586

Przeworsk system
103
,
105
,
391

disintegration of
371
,
373
,
384

Ptolemy
6
,
8
,
36
,
115

Quadi
83
,
83
–4,
94
–6,
97
,
98
,
99
,
102
,
127

Radagaisus
151
,
173
,
175
,
176
,
177
,
178
,
180
,
181
,
182
,
186
,
199
,
338

Radulf, revolt of (639)
366

Raetia
196

Ragnar Lothbrok
458

Ravning Edge Bridge
525
–6,
530

Recitach
249
–50

Reginharius
456
,
457
,
458
,
511

Regino of Prüm
368

Reihengräber
cemeteries
318
,
319
,
320
,
323
,
324
,
326
,
327

Remigius of Rheims, Bishop
312

Rethra, cult of
571

Retief, Piet
144

return migration
447
,
592
–3

Riade, battle of (933)
369

Rodulf of the Rani
261

Roman Britain
269
,
270
–2

archaeological material
273
–4

breaking down of systems thesis
271
–2

British rebellion (409)
294
–5

decline in investment in public monuments by towns
270
–1

disappearance of villas
294
,
295
–6

rural prosperity and flourishing of villas
271

Romans/Roman Empire
333

Alamanni raids and assaults against
81
–2,
108

civil wars
169
,
194

collapse of eastern empire and reasons
378
,
379
,
380
,
381
–2

collapse of frontier
151
–3

damage caused by invasions
175

decline
306
,
307

fortifications
522

Germani raids against
59
,
81
–2,
89
,
92
,
96
,
97

Gothic attacks on in third century
109
–10,
111
,
127
,
338

immigration policies
136

migration in
598
–603

new political bonds between immigrant leaders and
335

and Persian wars
59
,
61
,
379

recruitment of Germanic manpower into army
61
,
74
–5,
84
,
90
,
91

relations with periphery
561

resettlement of barbarians
168

resistance to barbarian migration over the border
336
–7

ruling of Germani and diplomatic methods used to keep under control
81
–9

third-century fighting against barbarians
107
,
109
–11

trade with Germani
61
–2,
72
–81,
91
,
138
,
139
,
564

withdrawal of troops from frontiers due to civil wars
179

Roman Empire collapse (western)
339
–59,
407
,
506

conflict between immigrants and
353
–4

connection with immigrant violence
338
–40

and deals between local aristocrats and immigrants
341
–2

impact of immigrants on imperial tax revenues
311
,
339
–40,
342

impact of on patterns of development
384

impact of on society and culture
349
–50

and migration
332
,
333
–55,
349
,
383

migration and development in period of
355
–9

and relocation of landed resources
350
–2

Rome

sacking of by Goths
196
,
202

Romny-Borshevo system
416
–17

Roxolani
98
,
114

Rufinus of Aquileia
39

Rugi
115
,
116
,
222
,
240
,
243
,
255
,
258
,
259
,
344
,
589

defeat of by Odovacar
251
,
254

demise of kingdom of
224
,
225
,
240

and group identity
242
,
243

maintaining of independence
242

role of information in migration
261

Runder Berg (Urach)
56
–7,
62

Ruric
469
,
478
,
479
,
480

Rurikids
434
–7,
523
,
549
,
551
–2,
566
,
573

Rus
466
–81

arrival in Russia
468
–9

attack on Constantinople (475)
475
–6,
480

developing of contacts with Islamic world
474
–5

evolvement of political organization
475
–7

fur trade
470
–1,
473

and island king
478
–9

in Kiev
479
–81

military capabilities
523
–4

origins
466
–8

and slave trade
470
,
479
,
565
–6,
567

state of
520

trade and trading routes
470
–2,
473
–4,
477
–8,
493

Rusanova, Irina
395

Russia
10

agriculture
546

anti-Christianity
571

fortifications
521

hunting in
530

itineration in
529
–30

law books
527

and military retinues
541

relocating of capital to Kiev by Rurikids
551
–2

rise of Rurikids
534
–7

Slavicization of
414
–18,
426
–7

and trade
549

treaty with Byzantiums
523
,
535

and Viking migration
491
–2,
514

Russian Primary Chronicle
56
,
414
,
417
,
468
–9,
479
,
480
,
518
,
534
,
536
,
551
–2

Russian Vikings
465
–81
see also
Rus

Ruzycankan group
125

Rwanda
1
,
29
,
161
,
353
,
584

Rybakov
390
,
391

St Germain monastery
456

St Wenceslas Day massacre (995)
531
,
570

Salian Franks
306
,
383

Salona
432

Samanid dynasty
478
,
565

Samo
343
,
408
,
430
,
434
,
444

Sarmatians
7
,
83
,
85
,
97
,
98
,
113
,
114
,
115
,
151
,
168
,
221
–2

Sarskoe Gorodishche
492
,
494

Sarus
193
,
198

Sawyer, Peter
481
–2

Saxon mercenaries
279
,
282
,
283

‘Saxon Shore’
285
–6

Saxons
37
,
42
,
366
,
367
,
374
,
560
see also
Anglo-Saxons

Scandinavia
281
,
372
,
509
–11,
517
see also
Vikings

Sciri
152
,
174
,
183
,
187
,
222
,
224
,
228
,
239
,
240
,
255
,
258
,
261

Sclavenes
392
–3,
394
,
397
,
398
,
399
–401,
402
,
416
,
420
,
439