Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (144 page)

63.
Wenqian Gao,
Zhou Enlai: The Last Perfect Revolutionary; A Biography
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), p. 166.

64.
LZQ
, pp. 512–517.

65.
View of Mao Yuanxin from my interview with an official familiar with Mao Yuanxin's views, January 2006.

66.
For various accounts of this struggle, see
MZDZ
, 2:1753–1755;
DXPCR
, pp. 350–351; Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, pp. 388–399; Jiaqi Yan and Gao Gao,
Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996), pp. 471–473; Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals,
Mao's Last Revolution
(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 404–407;
LZQ
, pp. 560–563.

67.
Guoshi
, vol. 8, p. 406.

68.
MZDZ
, 2:1754.

69.
Ibid.

70.
This section draws on interviews in January 2006 with an official in a position to know Mao Yuanxin's situation, as well as
MZDZ
, 2:1752–1758;
DXPCR
, pp. 350–355; Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, pp. 374–381, 399–410;
LZQ
, pp. 560–579;
Guoshi
, vol. 8, pp. 592–598;
DXPNP-2
, November 1–November 28, 1975.

71.
Interview with an official in a position to know, January 2006. See also Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, p. 517.

72.
DXPCR
, p. 361.

73.
DXPNP-2
, January 1, 2, 1976; Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, p. 516.

74.
In 1980, in evaluating historical issues, Chen Yun, Ye Jianying, and others feared that it would diminish Mao's reputation if Yuanxin were simply passing on Mao's views. Yuanxin agreed to accept responsibility for influencing Mao and was given better treatment than he otherwise would have received. Interview with party historian familiar with the documents, December 2008.

75.
For a discussion of the Chaoyang model, see Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, p. 340.

76.
This section draws on an interview with a party historian who has had access to many of the relevant archives, January 2006.

77.
DXPCR
, p. 351.

78.
Interviews in January 2006 with an official in a position to know Mao Yuanxin's situation.
MZDZ
, 2:1754–1755;
DXPCR
, pp. 352–353.

79.
DXPCR
, p. 362;
DXPNP-2
lists the visit simply as early November.

80.
DXPCR
, p. 352.

81.
DXPNP-2
, November 1, 2, 1975;
MZDZ
, 2:1755.

82.
MZDZ
, 2:1755–1756.

83.
Ibid., 2:1756.

84.
David S. Zweig, “The Peita Debate on Education and the Fall of Teng Hsiaop'ing,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 73 (March 1978): 140–159.

85.
DXPNP-2
, November 17, 1975.

86.
Ibid., November 20, 1975;
DXPCR
, p. 361.

87.
Bo Yibo,
Ruogan zhong da juece yu shijian de huigu
(Recollections on Certain Major Policies and Events), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1991), 2:1249.

88.
DXPCR
, p. 366.

89.
Patrick Tyler,
A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China; An Investigative History
(New York: PublicAffairs, 1999), p. 226. In this work, Liu Bei is incorrectly referred to as Liu Pu.

90.
Henry Kissinger,
Years of Renewal
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), pp. 890–891.

91.
LZQ
, p. 574.

92.
DXPCR
, pp. 364–365;
LZQ
, pp. 575–576;
DXPNP-2
, November 24, 1975; interview with Nancy Tang, April 2002.

93.
LZQ
, pp. 576–577;
DXPCR
, p. 365.

94.
LZQ
, pp. 583–586.

95.
Ibid., pp. 579–580; see also Wu De,
Wu De koushu
, pp. 194–199.

96.
LZQ
, pp. 579–582.

97.
A tape of Deng's speech is still in the party archives. The account presented here is based on Cheng Zhongyuan's summary, which in turn is based on a transcript of the tape. See
DXPNP-2
, December 20, 1976.

98.
DXPCR
, pp. 367–368.

99.
LZQ
, pp. 571–579.

100.
Memcon of meetings between Deng and Kissinger, DNSA, CH00366, CH00367, CH00369, and CH00373, October 20–22, 1975.

101.
Analysis, highlights of Secretary Kissinger's meeting with Mao, DNSA, CH00368, October 22, 1975; Memcon, meeting between Kissinger and Mao, DNSA, CH00372, October 17, 1975; DNSA, CH00398, December 3, 1975.

102.
Ibid.

103.
Memcon, meeting between Gerald Ford, Henry Kissinger, and Deng Xiaoping, DNSA, CH00398, December 3, 1975.

104.
Mao's meeting with Ford, DNSA, CH00395, December 2, 1975; Memcon, meeting between Gerald Ford and Deng Xiaoping, DNSA, CH00396, December 2, 1975; DNSA, CH00398, December 3, 1975; Memcon, meeting between Gerald Ford, Henry Kissinger, and Deng Xiaoping, DNSA, CH00399, December 4, 1975;
DXPNP-2
, December 1–5, 1975; Kissinger,
Years of Renewal
, pp. 886–894; Tyler,
A Great Wall
, pp. 215–219.

105.
Report by George Bush, DNSA, CH00402, December 9, 1975.

106.
DNSA, CH00402, December 9, 1975.

107.
DXPNP-2
, January 1, 2, 1976.

108.
LZQ
, pp. 420–422.

5. Sidelined as the Mao Era Ends

1.
DXPNP-2
, January 8, 1976.

2.
On Mao's comment to Wang Dongxing, see
WNZEL
, pp. 7–8, 602–604.

3.
Jiaqi Yan and Gao Gao,
Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996), p. 482.

4.
DXPNP-2
, January 5, 1976.

5.
Ibid., January 9, 1976.

6.
For Zhou's relations with Mao in his last years, see
WNZEL.

7.
Wu De,
Wu De koushu: Shinian fengyu jishi, Wo zai Beijing gongzuo de yixie jingli
(Wu De's Oral History: A Record of the History of Ten Years of Storms, Some Personal Experiences) (Beijing: Dangdai chubanshe, 2004), pp. 203–204.

8.
Roger Garside, a British diplomat who served in Beijing from 1976 to 1979, and David Zweig, a Canadian exchange student, both Chinese-speaking, were at Tiananmen Square much of the time during these several days. See Garside,
Coming Alive: China after Mao
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981).

9.
Wu De,
Wu De koushu
, p. 203.

10.
On the prohibition against wearing black armbands, see ibid., p. 204.

11.
Garside,
Coming Alive
, pp. 10–13.

12.
DXPNP-2
, January 12, 1976.

13.
Chaozhu Ji,
The Man on Mao's Right: From Harvard Yard to Tiananmen Square, My Life inside China's Foreign Ministry
(New York: Random House, 2008), p. 285; interview with Ji Chaozhu, April 2002.

14.
DXPNP-2
, January 15, 1976; Ji,
The Man on Mao's Right
, p. 285.

15.
Garside,
Coming Alive
, pp. 12–13.

16.
DXPNP-2
, January 14, 1976.

17.
DXPCR
, p. 372.

18.
DXPNP-2
, January 20, 1976.

19.
Interview with party historians, n.d.

20.
DXPCR
, pp. 372, 380–388; Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun,
The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics during the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972–1976
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), pp. 414–415.

21.
DXPNP-2
, January 20, 1976.

22.
Ibid., January 21, 1976. p. 146.

23.
Ibid., January 21, 1976, January–April 1976.

24.
Renmin ribao
(People's Daily), January 26, 1976.

25.
DXPNP-2
, January 21, 1976.

26.
Ibid., February 2, 1976.

27.
DXPCR
, pp. 380–388;
DXPNP-2
, January 15, 21, February 2, 1976.

28.
Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, pp. 443–447.

29.
LZQ
, p. 584.

30.
DXPNP-2
, February 2, 1976.

31.
Ibid., February 25–early March 1976.

32.
Garside,
Coming Alive
, pp. 18–24.

33.
Ibid., pp. 110–115; David S. Zweig, “The Peita Debate on Education and the Fall of Teng Hsiao-p'ing,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 73 (March 1978): 154.

34.
DXPNP-2
, March 26, 1976.

35.
Wu De,
Wu De koushu
, pp. 204–206.

36.
Garside,
Coming Alive
, p. 115.

37.
On Deng telling his family not to go to Tiananmen Square, see
DXPNP-2
, late March–early April 1976.

38.
Zweig, “The Peita Debate on Education and the Fall of Teng Hsiao-p'ing,” 154–158; Garside,
Coming Alive
, pp. 125–128.

39.
Garside,
Coming Alive
, pp. 125–126.

40.
Wu De,
Wu De koushu
, pp. 207–211.

41.
DXPNP-2
, April 5, 1976.

42.
Wu De,
Wu De koushu
, pp. 210–214. Garside reports that it was 6:30 p.m. when the announcement was broadcast and 9:35 p.m. when the floodlights went on and the militia marched out from the Forbidden City where they had assembled (Garside,
Coming Alive
, pp. 128–135). After the Gang of Four was arrested, Wu De
made many self-criticisms for slandering Deng, but also defended himself by saying that on April 5 he had no choice but to obey Chairman Mao and the Politburo. Although some reported that much blood had been spilled on April 5, three later investigations of the incident, including investigations in hospitals, crematoria, and elsewhere, produced no evidence that anyone had died as a result of the crackdown. Wu De explains that there is some confusion in Zhonggong zhongyang dangshi yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party History Research Office),
Zhonggong dangshi dashi nianbiao
(Chronology of Major Events in the History of the Chinese Communist Party) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1987), because the results of the two Politburo meetings on April 4 and April 5 are lumped together as if they had both been held on April 4 and because some of the criticisms that the Gang of Four expressed at the meetings are not recorded. See Wu De,
Wu De koushu
, pp. 218–221.