Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (143 page)

34.
Wang Lixin,
Yao chimi zhao Wan Li: Anhui nongcun gaige shilu
(If You Want Rice, Find Wan Li: The True Record of Rural Reform in Anhui) (Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2000), p. 22.

35.
LZQ
, pp. 57–59.

36.
Ibid., pp. 54–56.

37.
LZQ
, pp. 57–61.

38.
The Chinese terminology for provincial secretaries (the highest party positions in the province) changed frequently and varied from province to province. Generally, before 1982 there were several provincial party secretaries in each province, one of whom was designated “first party secretary.” Sometimes the other party secretaries were numbered in order, sometimes they were listed as deputy party secretaries, and sometimes they were called secretaries of the provincial party Secretariat. Those other provincial secretaries were each responsible for a sector
(xitong)
, such as political-legal, industry-transport, commerce-trade, or education-culture. Often the changes in title do not reflect changes in responsibility. Even Chinese authors do not always use the correct title. After the 12th Party Congress in 1982, which gave new emphasis to collective leadership, the term “first secretary” was gradually dropped in most provinces and by 1985 was no longer in use. One secretary, however, was still given the overall top responsibility. In the English edition of this work, I refer to the top provincial party secretary as “first party secretary” regardless of the era and refer to the others simply as provincial party secretaries.

39.
LZQ
, p. 62.

40.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 16–19. Tang Tsou, in his review of Deng's
Selected Works
, writes that there are very few changes from the original texts. See Tang Tsou, “Review: The Historic Change in Direction and Continuity with the Past,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 98 (April 1984): 320–347.

41.
LZQ
, pp. 58, 67–68.

42.
Ibid., pp. 64, 68.

43.
DXPCR
, pp. 298–299.

44.
LZQ
, pp. 68–69.

45.
Ibid., pp. 69–70.

46.
Ibid., p. 70.

47.
DXPCR
, p. 299.

48.
LZQ
, pp. 70–71.

49.
Ibid., pp. 71, 77.

50.
DXPNP-2
, March 22, 1975;
LZQ
, pp. 73–74.

51.
DXPNP-2
, April 18–26, 1975.

52.
LZQ
, pp. 81–84.

53.
Ibid., pp. 429–445, 465.

54.
Ibid., p. 456.

55.
Ibid., pp. 76, 82, 126.

56.
Ibid., pp. 113–114.

57.
Ibid., p. 125.

58.
Ibid., pp. 118–120.

59.
Ibid., pp. 126–133.

60.
Ibid., pp. 142–153.

61.
Ibid., p. 125.

62.
Ibid., pp. 147–149.

63.
Ibid., pp. 150–152.

64.
DXPNP-2
, May 21, 1975.

65.
DXPNP-2
, May 29, 1975.

66.
LZQ
, pp. 163–166.

67.
Ibid., p. 166.

68.
Ibid., p. 169.

69.
Ibid., pp. 169–170.

70.
Ibid., pp. 443–465; Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun,
The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics during the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972–1976
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), pp. 245–251, 274–282; Keith Forster,
Rebellion and Factionalism in a Chinese Province: Zhejiang, 1966–1976
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); interview with Ji Humin, son of Ji Dengkui, October 2007.

71.
LZQ
, p. 445.

72.
Ibid., pp. 445–446.

73.
Ibid., p. 446.

74.
From an interview conducted by Cheng Zhongyuan, in
LZQ
, p. 454.

75.
Ibid., p. 465.

76.
DXPNP-2
, April 18–26, 1975.

77.
Ibid., April 18, 1975.

78.
Ibid., April 27, 1975.

79.
Ibid., May 3, 1975.

80.
Ibid., May 27, June 3, 1975.

81.
Ibid., July 12–17, 1975;
DXPWJHD
, May 12 to May 18, 1975.

82.
Interview with Jacques Chirac,
China Daily
, August 23, 2004.

4. Looking Forward under Mao

1.
LZQ
, pp. 202–203;
WYDXP
, p. 5.

2.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 24–26.

3.
LZQ
, pp. 537–540.

4.
Ibid., p. 208.

5.
Material from this section on the Political Research Office comes from interviews with Yu Guangyuan, a senior member of the Political Research Office, and Zhu Jiamu, party secretary of the theory group of the Political Research Office. See also
WYDXP.
For biographical information on Hu Qiaomu, see Key People in the Deng Era, p. 725.

6.
LZQ
, p. 213.

7.
Ibid., pp. 204–208.

8.
Ibid., pp. 212–213.

9.
DXPNP-2
, July 13, July 18, and August 8, 1975, p. 69n; ibid., pp. 213–215.

10.
It held meetings in 1975 on June 29; July 23; August 26; September 13, 19, 25, and 26; October 10, 14, and 24; and November 10, 15; as well as on January 17, 1976.

11.
LZQ
, pp. 233–272; Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun,
The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics during the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972–1976
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), pp. 324–339.

12.
LZQ
, pp. 241–243.

13.
DXPNP-2
, September 20, 1975.

14.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 41–44.

15.
For a listing of differences in the two drafts, see
LZQ
, pp. 265–266.

16.
Ibid., pp. 252–256.

17.
Ibid.;
DXPNP-2
, December 25, 1975.

18.
LZQ
, pp. 242–243. Some concessions were made to localities with higher incomes; they were permitted to spend more. See pp. 239–241.

19.
Ibid., pp. 353–357.

20.
Ibid., p. 353.

21.
Ibid., pp. 353–357.

22.
Ibid., pp. 222–224.

23.
Ibid., p. 367.

24.
Ibid., pp. 364–365.

25.
Ibid., pp. 366–367.

26.
Ibid., pp. 374–380;
WYDXP
, pp. 68–70.

27.
LZQ
, pp. 371–374.

28.
Ibid., pp. 381–386.

29.
Ibid., p. 390.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Ibid., pp. 389–392.

32.
Ibid., pp. 390–392.

33.
Ibid., pp. 392–394; Wu De,
Wu De koushu: Shinian fengyu jishi; Wo zai Bei
jing gongzuo de yixie jingli
(Wu De Oral History: A Record of the History of Ten Years of Storms; Some Personal Experiences) (Beijing: Dangdai chubanshe, 2004), pp. 166–173;
WYDXP
, pp. 94–97.

34.
LZQ
, pp. 226–232.

35.
Ibid., p. 275.

36.
Ibid., pp. 282–286.

37.
Ibid., pp. 274–282, 341. The recorded talk with Jiang Qing, with some later editing by Mao, is included in his published talks of November 15, 1975, available in
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao
(Manuscripts by Mao Zedong since the Founding of the State), 13 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1987–1998), 13:447–449.

38.
LZQ
, pp. 343–346.

39.
Ibid., pp. 291–298. The text of the letter is reprinted on pp. 295–296.

40.
The background to his eye operation is explained by Mao's doctor. See Zhisui Li, with the editorial assistance of Anne F. Thurston,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician
(New York: Random House, 1994), pp. 604–605.

41.
LZQ
, pp. 296–298.

42.
Ibid., pp. 329–339.

43.
Ibid., p. 273.

44.
Ibid., pp. 339–341.

45.
Ibid., pp. 471–473.

46.
This was the conclusion of the scientists on the National Academy of Sciences delegation, of which I was a member.

47.
“Di sanji po bing” (Part 3: Breaking the Ice), in Zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi Hunan shengwei, Hunan dianshi tai (Hunan Television, Hunan Provincial Committee, Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office),
Daxing dianshipian “Deng Xiaoping shi zhang”
(Large-Scale Television Series
“
Deng Xiaoping in Ten Parts”) (Hunan Provincial Television, 2004).

48.
LZQ
, pp. 473–474.

49.
Ibid., pp. 477–478, 495.

50.
Ibid., pp. 478–480.

51.
Ibid., pp. 480–482, 488–490.

52.
Ibid., pp. 490–496.

53.
Merle Goldman, the China specialist who accompanied the delegation, kindly showed me the notes from the meeting.

54.
LZQ
, p. 498;
SWDXP-2
, pp. 45–47.

55.
LZQ
, pp. 581–582.

56.
Ibid., pp. 499–502.

57.
Ibid., pp. 499–502, 506.

58.
For a more detailed account of the
Water Margin
issue, see Merle Goldman,
Chinese Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981).

59.
LZQ
, pp. 507–512;
Guoshi
, vol. 8, pp. 577–580. According to this last account, Lu Di, rather than Mao, initiated the discussion and the recording of Mao's views, and it was Yao Wenyuan and Jiang Qing, rather than Mao, who promoted the public discussion. At the very least, however, Mao allowed the public discussion to take place and was aware of its political significance.

60.
LZQ
, pp. 512–517.

61.
WNZEL
, p. 565.

62.
For various accounts of the
Water Margin
campaign, see Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, pp. 363–374; Merle Goldman, “The Media Campaign as a Weapon in Political Struggle: The Dictatorship of the Proletariat and
Water Margin
Campaign,” in Godwin C. Chu and Francis L. K. Hsu, eds.,
Moving a Mountain: Cultural Change in China
(Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1979), pp. 191–202; Barbara Barnouin and Changgen Yu,
Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution
(New York: Kegan Paul International, 1993), pp. 283–285.