Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (141 page)

8.
Ibid., 1:17, February 17–19, 1923.

9.
Ibid., 1:17–18, March 7, 1923.

10.
Ibid., 1:19, June 11, 1923, and 1:20, February 1, 1924.

11.
Ibid., 1:19, July 13–15, 16, 1924.

12.
Marilyn Levine,
The Guomindang in Europe: A Sourcebook of Documents
(Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 2000), pp. 90–93; Barman and Dulioust, “Les années Françaises de Deng Xiaoping,” 30; interviews with Marilyn Levine, n.d.

13.
Barman and Dulioust, “Les années Françaises de Deng Xiaoping,” 34.

14.
For a description of the life and activities of the Chinese students in France, see Marilyn A. Levine,
The Found Generation: Chinese Communists in Europe during the Twenties
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993); Geneviève Barman and Nicole Dulioust, “The Communists in the Work and Study Movement in France,”
Republican China
13, no. 2 (April 1988): 24–39; and Deng Rong,
Deng Xiaoping: My Father.

15.
Alexander Pantsov and Daria Alexandrovna Spuchnik, “Deng Xiaoping in Moscow: Lessons from Bolshevism,” trans. Steven I. Levine, on deposit in the Fair-bank Collection, Fung Library, Harvard University. Pantsov and Spuchnik were given full access to the files of the Soviet party archives pertaining to Chinese students in the Soviet Union. Also interviews with Alexander Pantsov, n.d.

16.
Pantsov and Spuchnik, “Deng Xiaoping in Moscow.”

17.
Ibid., p. 12.

18.
Ibid., p. 11.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Deng Rong,
Deng Xiaoping: My Father.

21.
Teng Hsiao Ping [Deng Xiaoping], “Economic Reconstruction in the Taihang Region,” in Stuart Gelder, ed.,
The Chinese Communists
(Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1946), p. 201.

22.
Interviews with party historians in the Taihang area, n.d.

23.
Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009).

24.
Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi Deng Xiaoping yanjiu zu (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office, Research Team on Deng Xiaoping), ed.,
Deng Xiaoping zishu
(Deng Xiaoping in His Own Words) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 2005), p. 1.

25.
For a detailed description of this process, see Ezra F. Vogel,
Canton under Communism
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969).

26.
DXPNP-1
, 2:1065.

27.
See, for example, ibid., 2:1133, September 16, 1953.

28.
Vladislav M. Zubok, “Deng Xiaoping and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1956–63,”
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, no. 10 (1997): 152–162; Jian Chen, “Deng Xiaoping and Mao's ‘Continuous Revolution’ and the Path toward the Sino-Soviet Split: A Rejoinder,”
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, no. 10 (1997): 162–182.

29.
For Deng's role in the various activities related to the 8th Party Congress, see
DXPNP-1
, 2:1249–1250, August 17, 1955; 2:1261, October 14, 1955; 2:1271, February 6, 1956; 2:1303–1318, August 10–September 28, 1956. The congress documents are found in
Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China
(Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1956), pp. 1–390.

30.
Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament
, trans. and ed. Strobe Talbott (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), p. 253.

31.
Ibid., p. 281.

32.
Jasper Becker,
Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine
(New York: Free Press, 1996); Frank Dikötter,
Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962
(New York: Walker, 2010); Yang Jisheng,
Mubei: Zhongguo liushi niandai da jihuang ji shi
(Tombstone: Record of the Famine in China During the 1960s), 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Tiandi tushu youxian gongsi, 2008).

33.
Interviews with Deng Rong, 2002–2006.

34.
Zubok, “Deng Xiaoping and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1956–63,” 152–162; Chen, “Deng Xiaoping and Mao's ‘Continuous Revolution’ and the Path toward the Sino-Soviet Split,” 162–182.

35.
Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals,
Mao's Last Revolution
(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006).

2. Banishment and Return

1.
DXPCR
, pp. 108, 117.

2.
Ibid., pp. 106–115. See also the author's notes from a visit to the factory and discussions with local people at the factory, November 2008.

3.
DXPCR
, pp. 133–147.

4.
Ibid., pp. 148–154.

5.
Ibid., p. 185.

6.
A contrast with Chen Yi was made by Ji Chaozhu, who served as interpreter for both Deng and Chen. Interviews with Ji Chaozhu, April 2002, November 2006, and April 2009.

7.
Interviews with Li Shenzhi, March 2001 and January 2002.

8.
DXPCR
, pp. 120–132; Wu Meng, Xiong Cheng, and Li Xiaochuan, “Deng Xiaoping zai Jiangxi Xinjianxian de rizi” (Deng Xiaoping's Days in Xinjian County of Jiangxi Province),
Bainianchao
, no. 1 (2003), reprinted in Yang Tianshi, ed.,
Deng Xiaoping xiezhen
(A Portrait of Deng Xiaoping) (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2005), p. 55; and interviews with Deng Rong, 2002–2006.

9.
DXPCR
, p. 179.

10.
Interview with Deng Lin, July 2007.

11.
Interviews with Deng Rong, 2002–2008.

12.
DXPCR
, p. 103.

13.
Ibid., p. 181.

14.
Ibid., pp. 140–145.

15.
Ibid., pp. 191–194; interview with Shen Zaiwang, one of Li Jingquan's children who took part in the visit, December 2007.

16.
Interview with Deng Lin, July 2007.

17.
Maomao [Deng Rong],
Wo de fuqin Deng Xiaoping: “Wen ge” sui yue
(My Father Deng Xiaoping: The Cultural Revolution Years) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2000), p. 223.

18.
Benjamin Yang,
Deng: A Political Biography
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), pp. 215, 267. Yang was Pufang's classmate at Peking University.

19.
Interviews with Deng Rong, 2002–2006.

20.
DXPCR
, p. 244.

21.
Guoshi
, vol. 8, p. 197.

22.
Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi Deng Xiaoping yanjiu zu (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office, Research Team on Deng Xiaoping), ed.,
Deng Xiaoping zishu
(Deng Xiaoping in His Own Words) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 2005), p. 125.

23.
DXPCR
, p. 192.

24.
Philip Short,
Mao: A Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 2000), pp. 588–599.

25.
On Deng being instructed not to send more letters, see
DXPCR
, p. 187. For more on the letter he did send, see
DXPCR
, pp. 182–184. For an account of the Lin Biao affair and the events before and after the crash, see Harrison E. Salisbury,
The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), pp. 275–306. See also Frederick C. Teiwes and Warren Sun,
The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger during the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1971
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996). Teiwes and Sun emphasize that Lin Biao originally had wanted to stay out of politics, that it was Mao who brought Lin into politics, that Lin did not depart from Mao's policies, and that the tensions in the year before Lin's death were due to Mao's initiatives to weaken Lin's control.

26.
DXPCR
, p. 184.

27.
Mao's personal physician, Li Zhisui, reports that Mao's “physical decline after the Lin Biao affair was dramatic . . . he became depressed. He took to his bed and lay there all day. . . . [He lay] in bed for nearly two months.” See Zhisui Li, with the editorial assistance of Anne F. Thurston,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs
of Mao's Personal Physician
(New York: Random House, 1994), pp. 542–543. For an account of Mao's growing suspicions of Lin Biao in the year before the crash, see Short,
Mao: A Life
, pp. 588–599.

28.
MZDZ
, 2:1610, 1616–1618. On Mao's medical condition, see Li, with the editorial assistance of Thurston,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao.

29.
WNZEL
, pp. 356–357. Mao's doctor reports, “As always when adversity sent him to bed, Mao was thinking through a new political strategy.” See Li, with the editorial assistance of Thurston,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 543.

30.
Interviews with Zhou's interpreter Ji Chaozhu, April 2002, November 2006, and April 2009.

31.
DXPCR
, pp. 191–192.

32.
Ibid.

33.
WNZEL
, pp. 363–364.

34.
DXPCR
, p. 242.

35.
MZDZ
, 2:1621.

36.
WNZEL
, p. 362.

37.
Ibid., pp. 356–357.

38.
Ibid., pp. 359–368.

39.
Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun,
The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics during the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972–1976
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), p. 59.

40.
Teiwes and Sun document Zhou's decision to doctor a picture taken of Zhou shaking President Nixon's hand by removing the picture of the interpreter, Ji Chaozhu, and replacing it with a picture of Wang Hairong, Mao's trusted relative who was in fact not a competent interpreter. See Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, pp. 29–30.

41.
WNZEL
, pp. 356–358.

42.
John Holdridge, personal communication, n.d.

43.
DXPCR
, pp. 192–193;
WNZEL
, pp. 364–368.

44.
Maomao,
Wode fuqin Deng Xiaoping
, p. 222.

45.
DXPCR
, pp. 198–200.

46.
Ibid., pp. 201–202.

47.
Deng Xiaoping tongzhi de xin: Yi jiu qi er nian ba yue san ri
(Comrade Deng Xiaoping's Letter of August 3, 1972), unpublished document available in the Fair-bank Collection, Fung Library, Harvard University.

48.
DXPCR
, pp. 209–210.

49.
Guoshi
, vol. 8, p. 202.

50.
MZDZ
, 2:1650.

51.
Guoshi
, vol. 8, p. 202.

52.
DXPCR
, pp. 214–239.

53.
Shu Huiguo, “Hongse dadi weiren xing” (The Travels of the Great Man in the
Red World), in Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Huiyi Deng Xiaoping
(Remembering Deng Xiaoping), 3 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1998), 3:199. Deng said, “Wo hai keyi gao 20 nian.”

54.
DXPCR
, pp. 242–243. Although Jiang Qing later claimed that she had not initially opposed Deng's return and had supported him (Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, pp. 180, 202), party historians support Deng Rong's view that Jiang Qing had resisted his return. See
MZDZ
, 2:1650.