CHAPTER 11. “GIVING WAR A CHANCE”
1
Since 1994 the United States had made only token payments to the UN. When House Republicans blocked repayment, they foiled the effort that Bill Richardson, U.S. ambassador to the UN, was making at the UN to get U.S. dues reduced from 25 to 22 percent of the overall total. “The Congress has sent me into a battle to lower our dues scales without even a slingshot,” Richardson said. John Goshko, "U.S. Refusal to Pay Debt Alarms UN,”
Washington Post,
November 15, 1997, p. A1.
2
Kofi Annan, press conference at United Nations Headquarters, November 14, 1997, online at .
3
Ibid. The United States called off the planned missile strikes when the government of Iraq offered unconditional cooperation.
4
Kofi Annan, Statement to the Special Meeting of the General Assembly on Reform, July 16, 1997.
5
Prior to joining the UN, Kieran Prendergast had served as British ambassador in Turkey, British high commissioner to Kenya, and British high commissioner to Zimbabwe.
6
SVDM, “OCHA: Visions, Priorities and Needs,” Geneva, Palais des Nations, June 8, 1998.
8
UN Department of Public Information, “Episode 708,”
UN World Chronicle,
April 21, 1998.
9
Geir Moulson, "U.N. Official: Afghan Rivals’‘War Games’ Endanger Aid,” Associated Press Worldstream, February 26, 1998.
10
Thalif Deen, "U.N. Restricts Aid to Saving Lives,” Inter Press Service, July 22, 1998. Only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates recognized the Taliban as the legitimate rulers of Afghanistan.
11
“Taliban Places Restrictions on Foreign Muslim Women Working for UN,” Associated Press Worldstream, March 13, 1998.
12
Luisa Ballin, “Nous posons des conditions à p’aide aux talibans” (We Are Setting Conditions for Aid to the Taliban),
La Croix,
March 2, 1998, p. 7.
14
Physicians for Human Rights, “Medical Group Condemns UN Agreement with Taliban,” June 1998.
15
The Clinton administration carried out the attack on Afghanistan the same day as its infamous cruise missile strike on the Al Shifa pharmaceutical plant in Sudan.
16
Farhan Haq, "U.N. Staff to Return to Afghanistan,” Inter Press Service, March 12, 1999; “No U.S., British Nationals Among UN Staff in Afghanistan,” Agence France-Presse, March 18, 1999.
17
Dennis King, “Paying the Ultimate Price: Analysis of the Death of Humanitarian Aid Workers (1997-2001),” January 2002, .There are no statistics on the number of humanitarian workers worldwide and no common reporting procedures on injuries or deaths.
18
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation,
Conference Report on Humanitarian Challenges in the New Millennium:Where Are We Headed?,
September 29, 1998, p. 14.
19
“UN Official Condemns Attacking of Humanitarian Vehicles in Angola,” Xinhua News Agency, May 22, 1998.
20
Edward Luttwak, “Give War a Chance,”
Foreign Affairs
78, no. 4 (July-August 1999).
21
SVDM, “Enough Is Enough,”
Foreign Affairs
79, no. 1 (January-February 2000).
24
SVDM, “War and Politics: The Humanitarian Deceit,” 1998, unpublished.
25
Barbara Crossette,“Reports of Spying Dim Outlook for Inspections,”
NewYork Times,
January 8, 1999, p. A8.
26
Colum Lynch, "U.S. Used UN to Spy on Iraq, Aides Say,”
Boston Globe,
January 6, 1999, p. A1.
27
Javier Solana, press statement, March 23, 1999, online at .
28
SVDM, “Promoting Peace and Security: Humanitarian Activities Relevant to the Security Council,” Address to an Open Session of the Security Council, January 21, 1999.
29
Sandy Berger, Special White House Briefing on Kosovo and NATO Air Operations, March 25, 1999. Berger said: “We always prefer to operate pursuant to a UN resolution. But we’ve also always taken the position that NATO has the authority, in situations it considers to be threats to the stability and security of its area, to act by consensus, without explicit UN authority. And that is the case here as well.”
30
The Security Council authorized the Korean War in June 1950, while the Soviet Union was boycotting the Council. Later that summer, when the Soviets returned and began vetoing U.S.-sponsored resolutions on Korea, the United States introduced the Uniting for Peace resolution in the General Assembly (also known as the Acheson Plan, after then-secretary of state Dean Acheson), which held that if the Security Council permanent members could not reach consensus and failed to exercise their “primary responsibility” for maintaining international peace and security, the responsibility would pass to the General Assembly, where two-thirds of the members present would need to authorize action. Since Korea, the Uniting for Peace resolution has been used to call the General Assembly into special session ten times, not always to bypass the Soviet veto. Following the British-French invasion of Egypt in 1956, Security Council resolutions calling for cease-fires were vetoed by France and the U.K.; an emergency session held under the Uniting for Peace resolution passed a U.S. resolution, leading to the withdrawal of France and the U.K. less than a week later. See Michael Ratner and Jules Lobel, “A UN Alternative to War: ‘Uniting for Peace,’”
Jurist,
February 10, 2003.
31
Kofi Annan, “Statement Regarding NATO Airstrikes of Serbian Military Targets,” March 24, 1999.
32
Judith Miller, “The Secretary-General Offers Implicit Endorsement of Raids,”
New York Times,
March 25, 1999, p. A13.
33
Kofi Annan, “The Effectiveness of the International Rule of Law in Maintaining International Peace and Security,” May 18, 1999, .
34
Kofi Annan, “A United Nations That Will Not Stand Up for Human Rights Is a United Nations That Cannot Stand Up for Itself,” Address to the Commission on Human Rights, April 7, 1999.
35
Ivo Daalder and Michael O’Hanlon,
Winning Ugly: NATO’s War to Save Kosovo
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2001), p. 140.
36
UNHCR, “Comments to British House of Commons Report on the Kosovo Humanitarian Crisis,” undated.
37
Peter Capella, “UN Agency Failed to Meet Refugee Crisis, Says Report,”
Guardian,
February 12, 2000, p. 17. See also David Rieff, “The Agency That Has Had a Bad War,”
Guardian,
June 10, 1999, p. 19.
38
Farhan Haq, "U.N. Pushes for Access to Refugees,” Inter Press Service, April 5, 1999.
39
Edith M. Lederer, “Divided Council Manages to Express Concern Over Kosovo Refugees,” Associated Press Worldstream, April 5, 1999.
40
Blaine Harden, "A Long Struggle That Led Serb Leader to Back Down,”
New York Times,
June 6, 1999, p. 1.
41
“Secretary General Shocked and Distressed by Bombing of Civilian Buildings in Yugoslavia, Including Chinese Embassy,” press release, May 10, 1999.
42
Nicole Winfield, "Annan Asks Yugoslavia to Accept UN Humanitarian Team,”Associated Press Worldstream, May 4, 1999.
43
“NATO Raids Go On as Hopes Rise for Negotiated End to Kosovo Conflict,” Agence France-Presse, May 7, 1999.
44
SVDM, Press Briefing, May 7, 1999.
46
CNN World Report Forum, Morning Q&A Session, May 7, 1999.
49
Kofi Annan, Press Conference, May 14, 1999.