Beyond Belief (54 page)

See Louis Adamic,
America and the Refugees
, pp. 10-11, and Lewis and Marian Shibsby, “Status of the Refugee Under American Immigration Laws,”
Annals
, CCIII, May 1939, 78ff., both cited in Henry L. Feingold,
The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and
the Holocaust, 1938-1945
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1970), p. 313, n. 39.

11
. Achilles memorandum on refugee program under cover memo from Butler to Duggan and Drew November 15, 1938, DS 840.48 Ref./900 1/2, as cited in Shafir, p. 702.

12
.
Paterson
(New Jersey)
News
, March 28, 1938;
El Paso Times
, March 27, 1938;
Portland Oregonian
, March 25, 1938.

13
.
Time
, April 4, 1938, p. 12;
Memphis Commercial Appeal
, March 27, 1938;
Pasadena Star News
, March 26, 1938.

14
.
Memphis Commercial Appeal
, March 27, 1938;
Dayton
(Ohio)
News
, March 29, 1938.

15
.
Charleston
(South Carolina)
News and Courier
, March 29, 1938.

16
.
FRUS
, 1938, vol. 1, pp. 740-741;
Birmingham Age Herald
, March 29, 1938;
Providence Journal
, March 28, 1938;
Paterson News
, March 28, 1938.

17
. There were of course those who were not reassured by these stipulations. In addition, many papers were buoyed by their belief that through America's gates would come a stream of “brainy men,” the Einsteins and Freuds, the “brilliant minds of the old world.”
Augusta
(Georgia)
Chronicle
, March 27, 1938;
Memphis Commercial Appeal
, March 27, 1938;
Boston Globe
, March 28, 1938;
La Crosse
(Wisconsin)
Tribune
, March 30, 1938;
Cincinnati Enquirer
, March 30, 1938;
Jacksonville
(Florida)
Journal
, March 31, 1938;
Indianapolis News
, March 26, 1938.

18
.
New Bedford
(Massachusetts)
Standard Times
, March 28, 1938;
Greenville
(South Carolina)
News
, March 27, 1938;
Butte
(Montana)
Post
, April 2, 1938;
Indianapolis News
, March 31, 1938.

19
. Norman Bentwich,
Wanderer Between Two Worlds
(London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1941), pp. 185-186; Shafir, p. 700.

20
.
South Bend
(Indiana)
Tribune
, April 2, 1938;
Jacksonville
(Florida)
Journal
, March 31, 1938.

21
.
Salem
(Oregon)
Journal
, March 30, 1938;
Time
, April 4, 1938, p. 12.

22
. Roosevelt to Frankfurter March 26, 1938, as quoted in Shafir, pp. 705-706.

23
.
Time
, April 4, 1938, pp. 11-12;
Newsweek
, April 4, 1938, pp. 10-11. Wyman interview with George L. Warren, former executive secretary of the President's Advisory Committee on Political Refugees, corroborates this view that the plan for the conference and the conference itself were part of the design to move America away from its strictly isolationist stance. See Wyman, pp. 44, 236, n. 2.

24
. For delineation of groups which opposed the plan see Wyman, pp. 46-47; Shafir, pp. 715-716.
Jackson
(Michigan)
Citizen Patriot
, April 3, 1938.

25
.
Binghamton Press
, March 26, 1938.

26
.
Youngstown
(Ohio)
Vindicator
, March 26, 1938;
Milwaukee
(Wisconsin)
Journal
, March 30, 1938;
Missoula
(Montana)
Missoulian
, April 5, 1938.

27
.
Milwaukee Journal
, March 28, 1938;
Ft. Wayne News Sentinel
, March 29, 1938.

28
.
Milwaukee Journal
, March 30, 1938.

29
.
Portland
(Oregon)
News Telegram
, March 30, 1938.

30
.
Detroit News
, April 5, 1938.

31
.
Christian Century
, November 30, 1938, pp. 1456-1459.

32
.
Holyoke
(Massachusetts)
Trans-Telegram
, November 16, 1938.

33
.
Newsweek
, June 27, 1938, p. 16. Proceedings of the Intergovernmental Committee, Evian, July 6-15, 1938, Verbatim Record of the Plenary Meetings of the Committee, Resolution and Reports, July 1938.

34
.
New York Times
, July 6, 1938, p. 1;
Newsweek
, July 18, 1938, p. 13.

35
.
Little Rock Gazette
, July 8, 1938.

36
.
Lewiston
(Idaho)
Tribune
, July 7, 1938;
San Francisco Chronicle
, July 9, 1938;
New York Times
, July 6, 1938.

37
.
Washington Post
, July 3, 1938;
Houston Chronicle
, July 7, 1938;
Providence
(Rhode Island)
Journal
, July 11, 1938;
Boston Herald
, July 13, 1938.

38
.
New Orleans Times Picayune
, July 15, 1938;
Houston Chronicle
, July 7, 1938;
Chattanooga Times
, July 18, 1938.

39
.
Salt Lake City Tribune
, July 8, 1938.

40
.
Philadelphia Record
, July 17, 1938.

41
.
Baltimore Sun
, July 16, 1938;
Boston Transcript
, July 18, 1938;
Cincinnati Enquirer
, July 18, 1938.

42
.
Utica
(New York)
Observer Dispatch
, July 11, 1938;
El Paso Times
, July 8, 1938.

43
.
Detroit Free Press
, July 11, 1938.

44
.
Galveston Texas News
, July 9, 1938.

45
.
Norfolk
(Virginia)
Pilot
, July 10, 1938;
Buffalo Courier Express
, July 14, 1938.

46
.
Time
, July 18, 1938, p. 16;
New York Herald Tribune
, July 12, 1938.

47
.
New York Times
, July 8, 1938.

48
.
New Republic
, July 20, 1938, pp. 291-292.

49
.
Richmond News Leader
, July 13, 1938.

50
.
Philadelphia Record
, July 17, 1938.

51
.
Newsweek
, July 18, 1938, p. 13.

52
.
Washington Star
, July 13, 1938. See also
Washington Post
, July 10, 1935.

53
.
New York Herald Tribune
, July 17, 1938;
New York Times
, July 14, 1938;
Boston Transcript
, July 9, 1938;
Houston Chronicle
, July 18, 1938;
Buffalo News
, July 18, 1938;
Newark Star Eagle
, July 22, 1938;
Albany Knickerbocker News
, July 11, 1938;
San Francisco Chronicle
, July 18, 1938.

54
.
Fortune
, July 1938, pp. 80-82.

55
.
Tulsa
(Oklahoma)
World
, July 15, 1938;
Erie
(Pennsylvania)
Dispatch Herald
, July 15, 1938;
Springfield
(Illinois)
Journal
, July 17, 1938.

56
.
Los Angeles Examiner
, November 16, 1938;
San Francisco Chronicle
, November 16, 1938;
Seattle Post Intelligencer
, November 17, 1938.

57
.
Newsweek
, June 27, 1938, p. 16; Lionel Kochan,
Pogrom, 10 November 1938
(London: Andre Deutsch, 1957), p. 127;
DGFP
, series D, IV, 1938, pp. 639-640.

58
.
New York Times
, November 13, 1938; Bill Graves to Roosevelt, November 12, 1938, DS 862.4016/1826, as cited in Shafir, p. 819; Sander Diamond, “The
Kristallnacht
and the Reaction in America,”
YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science
, vol. XIV (1969), pp. 200-203.

59
. For the sheer mass of comment see
Press Information Bulletin
for the period from November 10 to early December 1938.

60
.
Newsweek
, November 21, 1938, p. 18;
Nation
, July 5, 1933, p. 2.

61
. Kochan, p. 11.

62
.
KnoxvilleJournal
, November 15, 1938; Butte (Montana)
Post
, November 23, 1938;
New Haven Journal Courier
, November 23, 1938;
Washington Times
, November 15, 1938.

63
.
New York Daily News
, November 15, 1938, p. 27.

64
.
Wilmington
(Delaware)
News
, November 13, 1938;
Newsweek
, November 21, 1938, p. 18; Kochan, p. 15.

65
.
Dallas Times Herald
, November 16, 1938;
Denver News
, November 17, 1938;
Philadelphia Bulletin
, November 22, 1938;
Pittsburgh Press
, November 16, 1938;
Macon
(Georgia)
Telegraph and News
, November 20, 1938;
Portland
(Oregon)
Journal
, November 18, 1938.

66
.
Virginian Pilot
, November 15, 1938;
Charleston
(West Virginia)
Gazette
, November 25, 1938;
Phoenix Republic
, November 19, 1938;
New York Evening Post
, November 17, 1938;
Philadelphia Record
, November 18, 1938;
San Antonio
(Texas)
Express
, November 23, 1938;
Schenectady Gazette
, November 25, 1938.

67
.
Fort Worth Star Telegram
, November 19, 1938.

68
.
Lynchburg
(Virginia)
News
, November 28, 1938;
Richmond News Leader
, November 22, 1938;
East St. Louis Journal
, November 21, 1938;
Binghamton
(New York)
Sun
, November 22, 1938;
Chester
(Pennsylvania)
Times
, November 20, 1938;
Troy
(New York)
Record
, November 22, 1938.

69
.
Gary
(Indiana)
Post Tribune
, November 16, 1938;
Denver News
, November 23, 1938;
Waco
(Texas)
News Herald
, November 22, 1938;
Rapid City News Journal
, November 23, 1938;
Gadsden
(Alabama)
Times
, November 20, 1938;
Richmond News Leader
, November 22, 1938;
Houston Press
, November 17, 1938;
Ogden
(Vermont)
Standard Examiner
, November 24, 1938.

70
.
New York Times
, November 16, 1938, p. 22.

71
.
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, as cited in
New York Times
, November 12, 1938;
Nation
, January 7, 1939;
Rutland
(Vermont)
Herald
, November 24, 1938;
New Orleans Times Picayune
, November 16, 1938;
Paterson
(New Jersey)
News
, November 18, 1938;
Fort Worth
(Texas)
Star Telegram
, November 17, 1938;
Portland Oregonian
, November 17, 1938;
Canton
(Ohio)
Repository
, November 18, 1938;
St. Joseph
(Missouri)
Gazette
, November 18, 1938;
Tacoma
(Washington)
News Tribune
, November 26, 1938;
Pittsfield Berkshire Eagle
, November 19, 1938.

72
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, November 25, 1938;
Baltimore Evening Sun
, November 14, 1938.

73
.
New York Times
, November 14, 1938, p. 18; see also
Christian Science Monitor
, November 15, 1938, pp. 1, 5;
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, as quoted in
Los Angeles Times
, November 17, 1938, p. 4;
Nation
, January 7, 1939, pp. 33-35. This was also one of the major theses of Soviet reports regarding
Kristallnacht
. The attacks were, a
Pravda
editorial concluded, a “direct result of the hopeless position in which the Fascist dictatorship has found itself.”
Pravda
, November 16, 1938, as cited in Kochan, p. 137.

74
.
Saturday Evening Post
, April 22, 1939, p. 104.

75
. Interview with Senator Alan Cranston, May 7, 1985.