Beyond Belief (58 page)

8
.
New York Times
, October 31, 1939, p. 1;
San Francisco Chronicle
, October 31, 1939, p. 1.

9
.
Dayton
(Ohio)
News
, July 21, 1941;
China Weekly Review
, July 21, 1941;
Dallas Times-Herald
, July 28, 1941;
Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph
, November 23, 1941; Frederick Oeschner,
This Is the Enemy
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1942), p. 340.

10
. See for example
In Fact
, August 4, 1941, p. 3, August 11, 1941, p. 1, February 23, 1942, pp. 3-4, February 15, 1943, p. 2.

11
.
New York Journal American
, November 10, 1941.

12
. Sigrid Schultz,
Germany Will Try It Again
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1944), p. 186; interview with Richard C. Hottelet, December 20, 1984.

13
.
Augusta
(Georgia)
Chronicle
, May 20, 1940;
Cincinnati Enquirer
, May 20, 1940;
Los Angeles Times
, November 12, 1939, p. 5.

14
.
New York Times
, October 31, 1939, p. 5. See also
New York Times
, October 22, 1939, p. 2E.

15
. Tolischus predicted that if a “solution of the Jewish problem” was carried out in Poland “on the German model,” the implications would be “ominous.”
New York Times
, September 13, 1939, p. 5, October 27, 1939, p. 3, October 31, 1939, p. 1, November 1, 1939, p. 5, November 4, 1939, p. 2;
San Francisco Chronicle
, November 1, 1939, p. 5;
Los Angeles Times
, November 1, 1939, p. 3.

16
.
New York Times
, November 1, 1939, p. 2, November 4, 1939, p. 2;
New Republic
, November 15, 1939, p. 90.

17
.
Christian Century
, November 30, 1939, p. 1456;
Time
, April 24, 1939, p. 26;
Life
, August 21, 1939, pp. 22-23;
San Francisco Chronicle
, October 31, 1939, p. 1;
New York Times
, November 1, 1939, p. 22, January 6, 1940, p. 2, January 23, 1940, pp. 1, 5, February 4, 1940, March 16, 1940, p. 3;
Milwaukee Journal
, February 29, 1940;
Fort Worth Star Telegram
, March 9, 1940;
Cincinnati Enquirer
, March 22, 1940;
Greenville
(South Carolina)
News
, March 22, 1940;
Chicago Tribune
, March 28, 1940.

18
. Schultz, pp. 185-186.

19
. Oeschner, p. 131.

20
.
Life
, January 8, 1940, p. 58, February 12, 1940, p. 4.

21
.
Chicago Tribune
, March 28, 1940. Kirk to the Secretary of State, February 16, 1940, DS 822.4016/2156; Kirk to the Secretary of State, March 20, 1940, DS 862.4016/2158; and Berle to the Secretary of State, February 27, 1940, DS 862/4016/2162.5.

22
.
Buffalo Courier Express
, April 6, 1940;
Newark Star Ledger
, May 7, 1940.

23
. For an example of this type of reasoning see Richard W. Whitaker, “Outline of Hitler's ‘Final Solution' Apparent by 1933,”
Journalism Quarterly
, Summer 1981, p. 179ff.

24
. Edgar Ansel Mowrer,
Germany Puts the Clock Back
(New York: Morrow, 1933), p. 239;
Spectator
, March 8, 1940; H. R. Knickerbocker,
Is Tomorrow Hitler's?
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941), pp. 65, 362.

25
. Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
(New York: Basic Books, 1981), p. 4;
Time
, October 28, 1940, p. 23;
Newsweek
, October 28, 1940, p. 23.

26
.
The Nation
, November 9, 1940, p. 443;
PM
, September 6, 1940.

27
.
Christian Science Monitor
, March 17, 1941;
New York Herald Tribune
, February 19, 1941;
Illustrated
, February 15, 1941.

28
.
Saturday Evening Post
, April 5, 1941, p. 12ff.

29
.
PM
, June 17, 1941.

30
.
New York Herald Tribune
, June 14, 1941;
Charleston Mail
, June 18, 1941;
Schenectady Union Star
, June 19, 1941;
Miami Herald
, June 20, 1941;
Dubuque
(Iowa)
Telegraph Herald
, June 21, 1941;
Augusta Herald
,
July 2, 1941; Henri Baudry and Joannes Ambre,
Condition Publique
, 110-111, as cited in Marrus and Paxton, pp. 167, 169-171. For examples of French sensitivity to foreign press reports see
New York Times
, January 11, January 26, and February 23, 1941, all as cited in Marrus and Paxton, p. 393, n. 195.

31
. Interview with Howard K. Smith, February 27, 1985.

32
. For an analysis of the mobile killing operation, see Raul Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
(New York: Harper & Row, 1979), pp. 177-256. For some examples of military personnel who were aware of the killings, see R. Ch. Freiherr von Gersdorff,
Soldat im Untergang
(Berlin, 1977), pp. 96-99, and Peter Hoffmann,
Widerstand, Staatsstreich, Attentat
(Munich, 1970), 317, as cited in Laqueur, pp. 19-20. For a discussion of the various ways in which the news of the killings reached the German public, see Laqueur, chap. 1.

33
.
Washington Star
, August 8, 1941;
New York Post
, August 1941, no day, original clipping found in the Division of Intelligence Information, National Archives, Washington, file no. H-275867.

34
.
New York Times
, October 26, 1941, p. 6;
New York Journal American
, November 13, 1941, p. 1, November 29, 1941, p. 2.

35
. Memos, Morris to Hull, September 8, 1941, DS 862.4016/2202, and September 30, 1941, DS 862.4016/2204.

36
.
New York Herald Tribune
, August 22, October 27, November 6, 1941;
Philadelphia Record
, September 7, 1941;
Christian Science Monitor
, November 26, 1941;
Baltimore Sun
, October 18, 1941;
New York Herald Tribune
, October 27,
1941; New York World Telegram
, October 5, 1941;
New York Journal American
, November 5, November 6, 1941.

37
.
New York Times
, September 23, 1941, p. 9;
Philadelphia Record
, October 22, 1941;
PM
, October 22, 1941;
Utica Observer Dispatch
, October 24, 1941;
Baltimore Sun
, November 18, 1941; DS 862.4016/2206; Oeschner, pp. 131-132, 134, 139.

38
.
Chicago Tribune
, October 19, 1941;
Detroit Free Press
, November 16, 1941.

39
.
New York Times
, October 13, 1941;
Baltimore Sun
, October 16, 1941.

40
.
Chicago Tribune
, October 19, 1941;
Amsterdam
(New York)
Recorder and Democrat
, October 24, 1941;
Utica
(New York)
Observer Dispatch
, October 24, 1941.

41
.
New York Journal American
, November 6, 1941,
Los Angeles Times
, September 13, 1941, September 15, 1941, p. 2;
New York Herald Tribune
, November 7, 1941, p. 4, November 8, 1941, p. 3;
New York Times
, September 9, 1941, p. 5, September 21, 1941, p. 1, September 23, 1941, p. 5.

42
.
Detroit Free Press
, November 16, 1941.

43
.
New York Times
, March 16, 1940, p. 3, August 8, 1940, p. 11, October 7, 1941, p. 5.

44
.
Philadelphia Record
, October 22, 1941.

45
.
Akron Beacon Journal
, April 26, 1940;
Buffalo Courier Express
, April 6, 1940;
Chicago Tribune
, November 3, 1941. For background on Frank see Hilberg, pp. 133-134.

46
.
New York Times
, November 1, 1939, p. 2, January 6, 1940, p. 2, January 23, 1940, p. 5, September 7, 1941, p. 14, December 12, 1941;
New York Journal American
, November 27, 1941, p. 30.

47
.
New York Journal American
, November 5, 1941, p. 8;
New York World Telegram
, November 5, 1941, p. 15.

48
.
Chicago Tribune
, November 3, 1941, p. 5, November 16, 1941, p. 10.

49
.
New York Journal American
, November 17, 1941, p. 32;
Baltimore Sun
, November 18, 1941, p. 10;
New York Times
, August 25, 1941, p. 5, October 13, 1941, p. 8, March 1, 1942, p. 28, May 31, 1942, p. 18;
New York Herald Tribune
, November 27, 1941, p. 6.

50
.
New York Herald Tribune
, November 6, 1941, p. 3, November 7, 1941, p. 4, November 8, 1941, p. 3.

51
.
New York Journal American
, November 9, 1941, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune
, November 9, 1941, p. 1;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, November 8, 1941, p. 1;
Chicago Tribune
, November 9, 1941, p. 16;
Boston Globe
, November 10, 1941;
San Francisco Chronicle
, November 9, 1941, p. 1;
Los Angeles Times
, November 9, 1941, p. 13.

52
. Oswald Garrison Villard,
The Disappearing Daily: Chapters in American Newspaper Evolution
(New York: Knopf, 1944), p. 86.

53
. Lochner's story was carried in many major newspapers including the
Baltimore Sun
, October 28, 1941,
New York Times
, October 28, 1941, and
Washington Star
, October 28, 1941.

54
.
Springfield
(Ohio)
News Sun
, October 19, 1941.

55
.
Miami Herald
, November 16, 1941;
Detroit Free Press
, November 16, 1941.

56
.
New York Herald Tribune
, November 8, 1941.

57
.
New York Herald Tribune
, November 20, 1941 (emphasis added);
Christian Science Monitor
, March 14, 1942;
New York Times
, June 11, 1942.

58
.
New York Sun
, December 23, 1941;
Washington Times Herald
, January 11, 1942.

59
.
New York Herald Tribune
, December 5, 1941.

60
.
San Antonio Light
, December 19, 1941;
Chicago Herald American
, December 1, 1941.

61
.
Christian Science Monitor
, November 29, 1941.

62
.
New York Times
, March 1, 1942, p. 28.

1
.
New York Times
, May 18, 1942, p. 4.

2
.
New York World Telegram
, June 1, 1942, p. 3;
New York Herald Tribune
, June 2, 1942, p. 2;
New York Journal American
, June 1, 1942, p. 3.

3
. Frederick Oeschner,
This Is the Enemy
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1942), p. 130; Wallace R. Duel,
People Under Hitler
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942), p. 111;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, June 11, 1942; Louis P. Lochner,
What About Germany?
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1942), p. 124.

4
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, June 11, 1942.

5
. Louis Lochner, CBS radio interview, September 22, 1942, as cited in Joyce Fein,
“American Radio's Coverage of the Holocaust: 1938-1945,”
senior thesis, Hampshire College, Spring 1984, p. 54.

6
.
Atlanta Constitution
, July 20, 1942.

7
.
Philadelphia Inquirer
, June 13, 1942, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune
, June 13, 1942, p. 7;
New York Times
, June 13, 1942, p. 7.

8
.
Los Angeles Times
, June 16, 1942, p. 2;
New York Journal American
, June 16, 1942, p. 3;
London Evening Standard
, June 16, 1942;
New York Times
, June 16, 1942 (emphasis added).

9
. “Report of the Bund Regarding the Persecution of the Jews,” in “When Did They Know?”
Midstream
, April 1968, pp. 57-58; Martin Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981), pp. 39-42.

10
.
Daily Telegraph and Morning Post
, June 25, 1942;
London Times
, June 30, 1942;
Daily Mail
, June 30, 1942;
Manchester Guardian
, June 30, 1942;
Daily Telegraph
, June 30, 1942;
Montreal Daily Star
, June 30, 1942; Gilbert, p. 43; Andrew Sharf,
The British Press and Jews Under Nazi Rule
(London: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 92-93.

11
.
New York Times
, June 27, 1942, p. 5; June 30, 1942, p. 7.

12
.
Los Angeles Times
, June 30, 1942, p. 3;
Atlanta Constitution
, June 30, 1942, p. 2;
Miami Herald
, June 30, 1942, p. 2;
New York World Telegram
, June 29, 1942, p. 4.