Beyond Belief (55 page)

76
.
Staatzeitung und Herald
, as quoted in
Nineteenth Century
, January 1939, p. 120;
Contemporary Jewish Record
, January 1939, p. 42;
Springfield Republican
, as quoted in
New York Times
, November 12, 1938, p. 4;
Tampa Tribune
, November 15, 1938;
Helena
(Montana)
Independent
, November 15, 1938;
Hamilton
(Ohio)
Journal News
, November 19, 1938;
Springfield
(Illinois)
State Register
, November 20, 1938;
Huntington
(West Virginia)
Advertiser
, November 19, 1938;
Eugene
(Oregon)
News
, November 19, 1938.

77
. Diamond, p. 36. Jan Ciechanowski,
Defeat in Victory
(New York: Doubleday, 1947), p. 119.

78
.
Chattanooga
(Tennessee)
News
, November 15, 1938;
Chicago News
, November 19, 1938;
New York Herald Tribune
, November 13, 1938;
Trenton
(New Jersey)
Gazette
, November 19, 1938;
Durham
(North Carolina)
Herald
, November 21, 1938.

79
.
Atlanta Constitution
, November 22, 1938;
Hamilton
(Ohio)
Journal News
, November 26, 1938.

80
. Franklin Reid Gannon,
The British Press and Nazi Germany, 1936-1939
(London: Oxford, 1971), p. 228.

81
.
Lincoln
(Nebraska)
Journal
, November 15, 1938.

82
.
Time
, November 11, 1938, p. 19;
Newsweek
, November 21, 1938, pp. 17-18.

83
. The
Philadelphia Record
, as cited in
Contemporary Jewish Record
, November 1939, p. 56, and January 1939, pp. 41-50. See also
Commonweal
, November 25, 1938, p. 113, and
Christian Century
, November 23, 1938, pp. 1422-1423.

84
.
New York Times
, November 10, 1938, p. 1, November 11, 1938, p. 3;
New Republic
, November 23, 1938, p. 60;
Christian Science Monitor
, November 10, November 12, 1938.

85
.
Louisville Times
, November 17, 1938;
Frederick
(Oklahoma)
Leader
, November 17, 1938;
Schenectady Union Star
, November 18, 1938;
Danville
(Virginia)
Register
, November 20, 1938;
Long Beach Press Telegram
, November 16, 1938.

86
.
Ashville
(North Carolina)
Citizen
, November 16, 1938;
Roswell
(New Mexico)
Dispatch
, November 18, 1938;
Boston Transcript
, November 14, 1938.

87
.
Time
, November 28, 1938, p. 10.

88
.
Time
, November 21, 1938, pp. 18-19, November 28, 1938, pp. 10-11;
Newsweek
, December 12, 1938, p. 16;
New Republic
, December 21, 1938, p. 189;
Commonweal
, December 9, 1938, p. 177; Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner,
American White Paper: The Story of American Diplomacy and the Second World War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1940), pp. 24-25;
Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, introduction by Jonathan Daniels (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), vol. XII, p. 224; Selig Adler,
Isolationist Impulse
, (New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1957), p. 279; Elmer Roper,
You and Your Leaders: Their Actions and Your Reactions, 1936-1956
(New York: Morrow, 1957), p. 71. Diamond, p. 205; Shafir, p. 829.

89
. Not only did the President ignore the State Department's advice on the statement, but he did not adhere to the language of the statement that had been prepared for him by the Department. Immediately prior to delivering it to the press, he changed the wording. The proposed statement read as follows: “The news of
the past few days from Germany has shocked public opinion in the United States. Such news from any part of the world would inevitably produce a similar reaction among the American people. With a view to gaining a first hand picture of the situation in Germany I asked the Secretary of State to order our Ambassador in Berlin to come home for report and consultation.”
Press Conferences of Roosevelt
, vol. XII, pp. 227-229. See also Cordell Hull,
The Memoirs of Cordell Hull
(New York: Macmillan, 1948) vol. I, pp. 24-25, 599; Shafir, pp. 828-829; Diamond, p. 205.

90
.
New York Times
, November 16, 1938, p. 1;
Newsweek
, November 28, 1938, p. 11;
Philadelphia Inquirer
, November 16, 1938;
Huntington
(West Virginia)
Advertiser
, November 19, 1938.

91
. There was no unanimity of opinion in the State Department regarding an American response. George Messersmith, the former Consul in Berlin, urged that Ambassador Wilson, who was due to visit in the near future anyway, be recalled “for consultation.” Messersmith advocated this step because, among other things, he believed it would constitute a fitting response to American public opinion. Others in the State Department argued against removal of America's representative from Germany. Pierrepont Moffat objected to yielding to “pressure in favor of one particular population or group.” He objected to Wilson's recall and counseled that some means be found of making a “gesture that would not . . . hurt us.” See the Moffat Diary entries for October 29-30 and November 14 as quoted in Shafir, p. 825. It is true that Wilson was planning a visit to the United States, but he left earlier than was intended and was clearly summoned home by FDR in the wake of the pogrom.
New York Times
, November 15, 1938;
FRUS
, 1938, vol. II, pp. 402-403.

92
.
New York Sun
, November 15, 1938;
Minneapolis Star
, November 19, 1938.

93
.
Milwaukee Journal
, November 18, 1938;
Toledo
(Ohio)
Blade
, November 21, 1938;
Witchita
(Kansas)
Eagle
, November 19, 1938;
Indianapolis Star
, November 19, 1938;
Miami News
, November 21, 1938.

94
.
New York Herald Tribune
, November 19, 1938, p. 10;
Fortune
, April 1939, p. 102;
New York Times
, November 15, 1938, p. 1, November 16, 1938, p. 4.

95
.
St. Louis Globe Democrat
, as quoted in
New York Times
, November 12, 1938;
Chicago Tribune
, November 17, 1938.

96
.
Nation
, July 6, 1940, pp. 4-5;
New Republic
, November 23, 1938, p. 60, November 30, 1938, p. 87, June 28, 1939, p. 197, April 28, 1941, pp. 592-594;
Commonweal
, November 24, 1938, p. 113;
Collier's
, December 31, 1938, p. 50. See also
Survey Graphic
, October
1940, pp. 524-526;
New York Daily News
, March 16, 1939, as quoted in
Admission of German Refugee Children: Joint Hearings Before a Subcommittee on Immigration, U. S. Senate, and Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., on S.J. Res. 64 and H.J. Res. 168, April 20-24, 1939, p. 31;
Forum
, November 1938, pp. 209-210.
Davenport
(Iowa)
Democrat
, November 22, 1939;
Denver News
, November 15, 1938;
Richmond News Leader
, November 16, 1938;
New York Daily News
, November 19, 1938;
Wichita
(Kansas)
Eagle
, November 18, 1938;
Hartford Courant
, November 15, 1938.

97
.
Pittsburgh Press
, November 16, 1938.

98
.
Binghamton Sun
, November 29, 1938;
South Bend
(Indiana)
News Times
, November 28, 1938;
Vicksburg
(Mississippi)
Herald
, November 29, 1938.

99
. John R. Carlson,
Under Cover
(New York: Dutton, 1943), p. 66;
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
, April 7, 1939, p. 3; Wyman, pp. 6-7;
Survey Graphic
, October 1940, p. 534ff;
Commonweal
, October 6, 1939, pp. 531-533, November 25, 1938, p. 11;
Current History
, May 1939, pp. 19-22;
New Republic
, July 20, 1938, pp. 291-292;
Time
, December 5, 1938, p. 18; Michael N. Dobkowski,
Politics of Indifference
(Washington: University Press of America, 1982), p. 286.

100
.
Pittsburg Press
, November 16, 1938;
St. Joseph
(Missouri)
Gazette
, November 21, 1938;
Wilmington
(Delaware)
News
, November 21, 1938;
Kansas City Journal
, November 19, 1938;
Danville
(Virginia)
Register
, November 11, 1938;
Pasadena Star News
, November 15, 1938;
Lake Charleston
(Louisiana)
American Press
, November 18, 1938;
Huntington
(West Virginia)
Advertiser
, November 23, 1938;
South Bend
(Indiana)
News Times
, November 28, 1938;
Binghamton Sun
, November 29, 1938;
Dallas Dispatch
, November 28, 1938.

101
.
Richmond
(Virginia)
News Leader
, November 14, 1938;
Toledo
(Ohio)
Times
, November 16, 1938;
Erie
(Pennsylvania)
Times
, November 21, 1938;
Springfield
(Ohio)
Sun
, November 22, 1938;
Madison
(Wisconsin)
Times
, November 26, 1938.

102
.
Christian Science Monitor
, November 15, 1938, p. 1.

103
. Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the movement, requested that her followers pray at the time of the Russo-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion. According to her, this was the “greatest contribution they could make toward the peace of mankind.” Stephen Gottschalk,
The Emergence of Christian Science in American Religious Life
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), pp. 267-268.

104
.
Christian Century
, November 30, 1938, pp. 1456-1459;
Cincinnati Times Star
, November 19, 1938;
Binghamton Press
, November 19, 1938;
Tulsa
(Oklahoma)
World
, November 18, 1938;
Oakland Tribune
,
November 22, 1938;
New Haven Journal Courier
, November 23, 1938;
Tampa
(Florida)
Tribune
, November 21, 1938;
Mobile
(Alabama)
Register
, November 19, 1938;
Akron
(Ohio)
Beacon Journal
, November 18, 1938;
Danville Register
, November 20, 1938;
Lewiston
(Indiana)
Tribune
, November 18, 1938;
Spokane Spokesman Review
, November 17, 1938.

105
. Charles Stember, Jews
in the Mind of America
(New York: Basic Books, 1966), pp. 140, 145-148. Roosevelt was also careful about other aspects of his action. He reassured the press that those citizens of the Reich in the United States on visitors' visas who would be allowed to remain “were not all Jews by any means.”
Press Conferences of Roosevelt
, vol. XII, pp. 238-241.

106
.
Fortune
, July 1938, p. 80, April 1939, p. 102. A Gallup poll taken at the time revealed that 95 percent of the American public was opposed to American involvement in European affairs. William Langer and S. Everett Gleason,
The Challenge to Isolation
(New York: Harper, 1952), p. 36.

107
.
New York Times
, November 16, 1938, p. 22.

108
. Adler, pp. 270-273;
Public Opinion Quarterly
, October 1939, pp. 595-596; Langer and Gleason, pp. 14, 39, 51;
Public Opinion Quarterly
, October 1939, p. 599;
DGFP
, series D, IV, pp. 639-640.

109
.
Time
, December 5, 1938, p. 18; Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(New York: Vintage Books, 1980), p. 173. Lippmann failed even to mention antisemitism as a contributing factor to the creation of a refugee problem. Instead he attributed the situation to the fact that there were “too many shop keepers, professional men, artists and intellectuals.” All of which were code words for Jews.
Los Angeles Times
, November 13, 1938;
Birmingham Age Herald
, November 19, 1938;
Bethlehem
(Pennsylvania)
Globe Times
, November 19, 1938;
Cincinnati Times Star
, November 19, 1938;
Brockton Enterprise and Times
, November 18, 1938;
Charleston
(West Virginia)
Gazette
, November 24, 1938.

110
.
National Jewish Monthly
, January 1939, p. 156; Herbert Hoover,
Further Addresses upon the American Road
(New York: Scribner, 1940), p. 244.