Beyond Belief (56 page)

111
.
Springfield Republican
, as cited in
Contemporary Jewish Record
, January 1939, pp. 41-50;
Christian Science Monitor
, November 16, 1938;
Time
, November 28, 1938, p. 11;
New Republic
, November 30, 1938, p. 87;
Newsweek
, November 28, 1938, pp. 13-14, December 12, 1938, pp. 16-17;
Atlantic Monthly
, December 1938, p. 77;
Christian Century
, December 7, 1938, p. 1485.

112
.
Washington News
, November 17, 1938;
Camden
(New Jersey)
Courier
, November 18, 1938;
Knoxville
(Tennessee)
News Sentinel
, November
16, 1938;
Pittsburgh Press
, November 17, 1938;
Houston Chronicle
, November 18, 1938;
El Paso Herald Post
, November 17, 1938; A. J. Sherman,
Island Refuge: Britain and Refugees from the Third Reich, 1933-1939
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 173; Minutes Franco-British talks of 24 November 1938,
Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939
, third series, vol. 111 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office), pp. 294-296.

113
.
New York Times
, November 23, 1938.

1
. I wish to thank my former student Leah E. Weil for her research on Congressional action regarding immigration restriction and the child refugees of Europe, 1938-1941.

2
.
Public Opinion Quarterly
, October 1939, pp. 595-596;
Congressional Record
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 85, 1457-1458, 2338-2341, 2805, 3865-3868, 4817-4819, and appendix, 641-642, 656-666, 835-836, 1073-1074, 1681-1682, 1886-1887, 2057-2059, 2792-2794, 3299;
Admission of German Refugee Children: Joint Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration, United States Senate, and a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., April 20, 21, 22, and 24, 1939, pp. 8, 45-49ff. For additional background on this period see David Wyman,
Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938-1941
(Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968), p. 67ff.

3
.
New York Herald Tribune
, February 11, 1939, as quoted in
German Refugee Children
, p. 11.

4
.
Galveston News
, February 20, 1939, as quoted in
German Refugee Children
, p. 21. See also
Sioux City Journal
, February 18, 1939;
Ashville
(North Carolina)
Times
, February 23, 1939;
Washington Evening Star
, February 16, 1939, in
German Refugee Children
, pp. 12, 17, 34.

5
.
Cincinnati Enquirer
, May 25, 1939, as quoted in
Congressional Record
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 84, p. 2793;
New York Daily News
, March 16, 1939, as quoted in
German Refugee Children
, p. 31;
St. Petersburg
(Florida)
Evening Independent
, March 24, 1939, in
German Refugee Children
, p. 38.

6
.
Washington Post
, February 13, 1939, as quoted in
German Refugee Children
, p. 9.

7
.
Miami Herald
, February 21, 1939, as quoted in
German Refugee Children
, pp. 22-23 (emphasis added);
Christian Century
, November 30, 1938, pp. 1456-1459.

8
.
Nation
, July 1, 1939, p. 3, as cited in Wyman, p. 85ff;
New York
Sun
, as quoted in
Congressional Record
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 84, p. 1681;
Pathfinder
, February 25, 1939;
Montgomery Advertiser
, February 17, 1939;
Fort Wayne Journal Gazette
, February 19, 1939, in
German Refugee Children
, pp. 14, 17, 20. Even the bill's supporters felt compelled to argue that not only Jews would be aided. Sidney Hollander, president of the National Council of Jewish Federations, testified in support of the bill. In his testimony he observed that “statements have been made . . . that if this bill is passed, it will benefit primarily Jewish children . . . . If it were [true], I doubt if I would as strongly urge the passage of the bill.” David Brody, “American Jewry, the Refugees and Immigration Restriction (1932-1942),”
Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society
, June 1956, vol. 45, p. 343.

9
.
Pensacola News
, February 21, 1939, as quoted in
German Refugee Children
, p. 27.

10
.
Dayton Daily News
, February 20, 1939, as quoted in
German Refugee Children
, p. 33.

11
. Those who offered this view bolstered their argument against the Wagner—Rogers bill by citing Roosevelt's speech at the White House Conference on Children which had been held during April, the same month that the first hearings on the bill took place.
Admission of German Refugee Children: Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., on H.J. Res. 165 and H.J. Res. 168, May 24, 25, 31, and June 1, 1939, p. 67.

12
.
Congressional Record
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 84, part 14, A-3237; Wyman, pp. 95-96; Henry Cantril,
Public Opinion
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), p. 1081.

13
.
Congressional Record
, 76th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 84, part 14, A-3237; Wyman, pp. 95-96.

14
. Cantril, p. 1150;
Reader's Digest
, May 1939. Of the Jews polled, 26 percent were against any change in the quotas.

15
.
New York Times
, June 2, 1939, p. 1, June 3, 1939, p. 3, June 5, 1939, p. 1, June 6, 1939, p. 1, June 7, 1939, p. 1, June 8, 1939, p. 1;
Los Angeles Times
, June 1, 1939, p. 1.

16
.
Washington Post
, June 3, 1939;
Greensboro
(North Carolina)
News
, June 5, 1939,
Bakersfield Californian
June 5, 1939.

17
.
Philadelphia Record
, June 5, 1939;
New York Herald Tribune
, June 3, 1939;
Memphis Commercial Appeal
, June 3, 1939;
Pittsburgh Post Gazette
, June 14, 1939;
Fresno
(California)
Bee
, June 8, 1939.

18
.
New York Herald Tribune
, June 3, 1939;
Richmond
(Virginia)
Times Dispatch
, June 14, 1939;
Reno
(Nevada)
State Journal
, June 3, 1939.

19
.
Richmond
(Virginia)
Times Dispatch
, June 14, 1939. Also placing blame on Cuba were the
Muncie
(Indiana)
State
, June 10, 1939;
South Bend
(Indiana)
Tribune
, June 3, 1939;
Utica Observer Dispatch
, June 7, 1939;
Brooklyn Eagle
, June 4, 1939; and
Pittsburgh Post Gazette
, June 3, 1939.

20
.
Louisville Courier Journal
, June 9, 1939. The
Washington Star
, June 17, 1939, also argued that Cuba had committed no act of inhospitality or harshness.

21
.
Seattle Times
, June 5, 1939.

22
.
Columbia
(South Carolina)
State
, June 3, 1939.

23
.
Christian Science Monitor
, June 2, 1939.

24
.
Bridgeport
(Connecticut)
Post
, June 4, 1939;
Evansville
(Indiana)
Courier
, June 6, 1939;
Charlotte
(North Carolina)
News
, June 3, 1939;
Christian Science Monitor
, June 2, 1939;
Richmond
(Virginia)
News Leader
, May 30, 1939.

25
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, June 4, 1939.

26
.
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, June 19, 1939;
St. Louis Globe Democrat
, June 18, 1939.

27
.
Baltimore Sun
, June 3, 1939;
Chattanooga
(Tennessee)
News
, June 8, 1939;
Milwaukee Post
, June 6, 1939;
Danville
(Illinois)
Commercial News
, June 4, 1939;
New York Post
, June 6, 1939;
New York Mirror
, June 5, 1939.

28
.
New York Times
, June 8, 1939, p. 24.

29
.
Greensboro
(North Carolina)
Press
, June 5, 1939;
Dallas Times Herald
, June 13, 1939;
Butte
(Montana)
Post
, June 5, 1939.

30
.
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, June 5, 1939;
Milwaukee Journal
, June 2, 1939;
Cleveland News
, June 21, 1939;
Buffalo Courier Express
, June 2, 1939.

31
.
Hartford
(Connecticut)
Courant
, June 3, 1939;
Frederick
(Oklahoma)
Leader
, June 13, 1939;
Canton
(Ohio)
Repository
, June 14, 1939.

32
.
Baltimore Sun
, June 20, 1939;
Philadelphia Record
, June 5, 1939;
Des Moines Register
, June 14, 1939;
Charleston
(South Carolina)
Post
, June 19, 1939;
Gary
(Indiana)
Post Tribune
, June 16, 1939;
Charlotte
(North Carolina)
News
, June 20, 1939;
Berkeley Gazette
, June 12, 1939;
Kansas City
(Missouri)
Times
, June 17, 1939.

33
.
Boston Globe
, June 17, 1939.

34
.
Watertown
(New York)
Times
, June 3, 1939;
Washington Star
, June 4, 1939.

35
.
Springfield
(Illinois)
State Register
, June 5, 1939.

36
.
Missoula
(Montana)
Missoulian
, June 7, 1939;
Seattle Times
, June 5, 1939.

37
.
Hartford
(Connecticut)
Times
, June 3, 1939.

38
.
Bridgeport
(Connecticut)
Times Star
, June 6, 1939.

39
.
Greensboro
(North Carolina)
Record
, June 9, 1939.

40
.
Syracuse
(New York)
Herald
, June 5, 1939.

41
.
Newsweek
, September 12, 1939, p. 17;
Time
, September 12, 1939, p. 30.

1
. Dieckhoff to Hans-Georg Machensen, November 24, 1937, Dieckhoff to Weizsacker, December 20, 1937,
DGFP
, series D, I, pp. 649, 658-661. Sander Diamond,
The Nazi Movement in the United States, 1924-41
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974), pp. 21-22, n. 2.

2
. Diamond, p. 23.

3
. Donald M. McKale,
The Swastika Outside Germany
(Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1977); Ladislas Farago,
The Game of the Foxes
(New York: McKay, 1971); John Rogge,
The Official German Report
(New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1961).

4
.
FRUS
, vol. 1, November 27, 1937, p. 174; Dieckhoff to Weizsacker, November 8, 1938,
Les Instructions Secrètes de la Propaganda Allemande
(Paris: La Petit Parisien, n.d.), as cited in Alton Frye,
Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere
, 1933-1941 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 31, 213. Diamond, p. 39.

5
. John Roy Carlson,
Under Cover: My Four Years in the Nazi Underworld of America
(New York: Dutton, 1943).

6
. Rogge, p. 17.

7
. McKale, pp. 89-90.

8
.
Los Angeles Examiner
, January 16, 1934.

9
.
Chicago Daily News
, March 22, 1934;
Boston American
, April 4, 1934.

10
.
New York Post
, March 27, November 27, 1934.

11
.
Investigation of Nazi and Other Propaganda: Report Pursuant to House Resolution No. 198
, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., report no. 153, February 15, 1935;
New York Times
, August 19, 1935; Rogge, p. 16ff.; McKale, pp. 90-91; Diamond, pp. 180ff.

12
. For dissolution of FONG see Diamond, pp. 179-201, 222; McKale, p. 91.

13
.
Saturday Evening Post
, May 27, 1939, p. 5ff.

14
. Diamond, p. 39;
The Brown Network: The Activities of the Nazis in Foreign Countries
(New York: Knight Publications, 1936).

15
. For Kuhn's report on the meeting with Hitler see the Bund's yearbook,
Kämpfendes Deutschtum: Jahrbuch des Amerika-deutschen Volksbundes auf das Jahr 1937
(New York, 1937), pp. 55-56, as cited in Diamond, p. 256;
Nation
, March 20, 1937, p. 312, June 5, 1937, pp. 636-637, July 24, 1937, p. 86.