Bang!: A History of Britain in the 1980s (103 page)

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NOTE ON THE AUTHOR

Graham Stewart is the author of the internationally acclaimed
Burying Caesar: Churchill, Chamberlain and the Battle for the Tory Party
. He was educated at St Andrews and
Cambridge universities and is a senior research fellow of the Humanities Research Institute at Buckingham University. His other books include
Friendship and Betrayal, The Murdoch Years
volume of the official history of
The Times
and
Britannia: 100 Documents that Shaped a Nation
.

ENDNOTES

1
He had been assistant secretary of the small, white-collar union, the Inland Revenue Staff Federation, between 1936 and 1943.

2
It was actually by Vesta Victoria.

3
The broadcasts began in April 1978, although there had previously been a trial run in 1975 – the first time the proceedings of the
House of Commons were ever broadcast. Television cameras were not permitted in the Commons until 1990.

4
She went up to grammar school in 1936, six years before the Beveridge Report and eight years before Rab Butler’s education act.
Kesteven and Grantham Girls’ School charged nominal fees to the majority of the parents of pupils who, like the Robertses, were able to afford them.

5
See chapter fourteen.

6
See chapter six.

7
The playwright Millar was punning on the title of the most famous work of the dramatist Christopher Fry,
The Lady’s Not for
Burning
.

8
Walker had gone to Latymer Upper School, at that time a selective direct-grant school, only partially funded by the state, which
subsequently went fully independent in the 1970s to avoid the Labour government’s determination to turn it into a comprehensive. Biffen had gone to Dr Morgan’s Grammar School in
Bridgwater, Somerset, which was shut down in the 1970s and replaced by a comprehensive. Only Thatcher’s old school managed to retain its status.

9
To a certain sort of Tory paternalist, there was only ‘one nation’ but seemingly many grades of public school.

10
The Tory Reform Group published papers and even a magazine, but undertook little detailed, original research.

11
However, after the eighties ended, Acorn’s spin-off company, ARM, was ultimately to justify faith in Cambridge as ‘Silicon
Fen.’ Assisted by Apple’s minority shareholding, ARM developed and licensed microchips so effi cient that by 2010 they were used in almost all the world’s mobile phones and in
digital cameras, iPods, iPads and other market-leading handheld devices. By 2012, ARM Holdings, still headquartered in Cambridge, enjoyed a market valuation of almost £8 billion and proved
there was a British company that could be a world leader in technology after all.

12
See pp. 26–28.

13
Vladimir Derer, Geoff Bish, Tony Banks,Victor Schonfi eld, Stuart Holland, Audrey Wise, Ken Coates, Jo Richardson, Norman Atkinson, Chris
Mullin, Reg Race, Frances Morrell, Martin Flannery, Benn’s secretary, Julie Clements, and Benn’s two sons, Stephen and Hilary.

14
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

15
Thorpe’s acquittal did little to salvage his reputation.

16
Ineffectual and effeminate (or homosexual) men.

17
The Blond Angel of Death.

18
See chapter fourteen.

19
Except between August and October of that year, when strike action forced ITV off the air for ten weeks.

20
See p. 82.

21
See p. 414.

22
Subsequently ridd Tate Britain.

23
ZTT stood for ‘Zang Tuum Tumb’ from a 1913 Italian Futurist manifesto which described the sound of battle . . .
obviously.

24
See p. 209.

25
See chapter four.

26
See Appendix.

27
Though different means of calculating entitlement between the 1930s and 1980s made an exact comparison between the two rates
misleading.

28
See p. 330.

29
The Bishops voted by 28 to 21, clergy by 137 to 102, laity by 134 to 93.

30
The future Pope Benedict XVI.

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