Bang!: A History of Britain in the 1980s (98 page)

56
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 559; Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, p. 158.

57
 Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, p. 177; Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 570.

58
 Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, pp. 186–7.

59
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 617.

60
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 647.

61
 Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins,
The Battle for the Falklands
(1997), p. 350.

62
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 652.

63
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 652.

64
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 672.

65
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, p. 229 (16 June 1982).

66
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, p. 228 (15 June 1982).

67
 Campbell,
Margaret Thatcher, Vol. 2
, pp. 139–40.

68
 Thatcher to the Conservative Party rally, 3 July 1982, Margaret Thatcher Foundation.

Chapter 7

1
 
The Economist
, 14 May 1983; quoted in David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
(1984), p.
206.

2
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 16.

3
 Thatcher used the phrase in her New Year message of 31 December 1982 and it became a catchphrase for the Tories’ 1983 general
election campaign.

4
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 11.

5
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 40.

6
 
The Challenge of Our Times
, Conservative Party manifesto, 1983.

7
 
The New Hope for Britain
, Labour Party manifesto, 1983.

8
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 143.

9
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, pp. 112–13.

10
 
The Times
, 1 December 1982.

11
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 133.

12
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 144.

13
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 124.

14
 
The Times
, 21 April 1982.

15
 Quoted in Ivor Crewe and Anthony King,
SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party
(1995), p. 165.

16
 After the success at Glasgow Hillhead, the SDP lost by-elections at Beaconsfield, Birmingham Northfield, Coatbridge and Airdrie,
Glasgow Queen’s Park, Gower, Mitcham and Morden, and Peckham.

17
 
Working Together for Britain
, Liberal–SDP Alliance manifesto, 1983.

18
 Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 254.

19
 Graham Stewart,
The History of The Times
, vol. 7:
The Murdoch Years
(2005), pp. 162–3; Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 498; Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, pp. 194–5.

20
 
Daily Mirror
, 9 June 1982;
The Sun
, 9 June 1982;
Daily Express
, 9 June 1982.

21
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, pp. 231, 234.

22
 Butler and Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
, p. 291.

23
 Lord Pym obituary,
Daily Telegraph
, 7 March 2008.

24
 Total taxes including social security contributions and local rates but excluding North Sea taxes as a percentage of national GDP,
in Nigel Lawson,
The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical
(1992), Annex. 7, p. 1081.

25
 Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, p. 481.

26
 Nicholas Ridley,
My Style of Government: The Thatcher Years
(1991), p. 189.

27
 Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, p. 536.

28
 Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, pp. 339–40.

29
 Brian Harrison,
Finding a Role?: The United Kingdom, 1970–1990
(2010), p. 259.

30
 Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, p. 301.

31
 Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, p. 526.

32
 ‘Introducing the PSDR’,
The Economist
, 19 March 1988.

33
 Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, p. 195.

34
 Andrew Marr,
A History of Britain
, BBC TV series.

35
 Christopher Johnson,
The Economy under Mrs Thatcher, 1979–90
(1991), p. 158.

36
 Johnson,
The Economy under Mrs Thatcher
, p. 131.

37
 Christopher Harvie,
Fool’s Gold: The Story of North Sea Oil
(1994), p. 312.

38
 Harvie,
Fool’s Gold
, p. 314.

39
 Harvie,
Fool’s Gold
, p. 319.

40
 Thatcher to the Conservative Central Council, 15 March 1986, Margaret Thatcher Foundation.

41
 Ian Gilmour,
Dancing with Dogma
(1992), p. 46.

42
 In 1985, the equivalent figures for oil production were 79 million tonnes at a value of $16.7 billion for the UK and 32 million
tonnes at a value of $6 billion for Norway. By 1990, the figures were 53.8 million tonnes and $9.4 billion for the UK versus 68 million tonnes and $11 billion for Norway. Harvie,
Fool’s
Gold
, p. 363.

43
 Harvie,
Fool’s Gold
, pp. 325–8.

44
 John Hawksworth, ‘A £450 Billion Question – Dude, Where’s My Oil Money?’ PricewaterhouseCoopers,
February 2008, pp. 2–3.

45
 
Independent
, 2 June 2010.

46
 Hawksworth, ‘A £450 Billion Question’, p. 2.

Chapter 8

1
 Anatoly Dobrynin,
In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (1962–1986)
(1995),
p. 528; quoted in John Lewis Gaddis,
The Cold War
(2005), p. 227.

2
 Nathan Bennett Jones, ‘Operation RYAN, Able Archer 83 and Miscalculation: The War Scare of 1983’, paper for the University
of California Santa Barbara International Graduate Student Conference on the Cold War, April 2008.

3
 Gaddis,
The Cold War
, p. 228.

4
 Ronald E. Powaski,
Return to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race 1981–1999
(2000), p. 42.

5
 Bennett Jones, ‘Operation RYAN’, p. 5.

6
 Quoted in Lawrence Freedman,
The Politics of British Defence, 1979–98
(1999), p. 136.

7
 Michael Heseltine,
Life in the Jungle: My Autobiography
(2000), p. 248.

8
 Security Service Archives; quoted in Christopher Andrew,
The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5
(2009), pp.
675–6.

9
 Though he did not coin the phrase, the investigative journalist Duncan Campbell helped popularize the term with regard to Britain and
used it as the title of his 1985 study of the ‘Implications of American Military Power in Britain’.

10
 By not buying the missiles, Britain paid only £10 million towards the cost of their deployment, leaving the American taxpayer
to fund nearer £2.5 billion of the cost.

11
 Margaret Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
(1993), p. 268.

12
 United Nations General Assembly resolution 38/7.

13
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 331

14
 NOP opinion poll published in the
Daily Mail
, 9 November 1983; cited in Freedman,
The Politics of British Defence
, p.
134.

15
 David Fairhall,
Common Ground: The Story of Greenham
(2006), p. 30.

16
 Fairhall,
Common Ground
, p. 187.

17
 Fairhall,
Common Ground
, p. 196.

18
 Fairhall,
Common Ground
, p. 36.

19
 
Daily Express
, 13 December 1982; quoted in Fairhall,
Common Ground
, p. 41.

20
 NOP opinion poll, 23 May 1983, in David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh,
The British General Election of 1983
(1984), p. 182.

21
 Fairhall,
Common Ground
, p. 84.

22
 Fairhall,
Common Ground
, pp. 102–3.

23
 A comparison between the German and English lyrics of ‘
99 Luftballons
/99 Red Balloons’ can be found at
(August 2012).

24
 Reagan in a radio broadcast, 7 August 1978; quoted in Gaddis,
The Cold War
, p. 217.

25
 
Time
magazine, 3 December 1984.

26
 Memorandum of conversation at Camp David, 22 December 1984, European and Soviet Affairs Directorate, NSC: Records (File Folder:
Thatcher Visit – 1984 [1] Box 90902), Reagan Archive, copy in Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Memorandum of conversation at Camp David, 22 December 1984 (NSC, Box 90902).

27
 John Campbell,
Margaret Thatcher
,
Vol. 2: The Iron Lady
(2003), p. 292.

28
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 467.

29
 Memorandum of conversation at Camp David, 22 December 1984, European and Soviet Affairs Directorate, NSC: Records (File Folder:
Thatcher Visit – 1984 [1] Box 90902), Reagan Archive, copy in Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Memorandum of conversation at Camp David, 22 December 1984 (NSC, Box 90902).

30
 Heseltine,
Life in the Jungle
, p. 257.

31
 Thatcher’s speech to Joint Houses of Congress, 20 February 1985, Margaret Thatcher Foundation.

32
 Michael L. Dockrill and Michael F. Hopkins,
The Cold War, 1945–1991
(2006), p. 144.

33
 Vladimir Lukin (Russian ambassador to the United States, 1992–4) to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
Washington, DC; quoted in Paul Johnson,
A History of the American People
(1997), p. 776.

34
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 463.

35
 Thatcher to press conference after addressing the UN General Assembly, 24 October 1985, Margaret Thatcher Foundation.

36
 Dmitri Volkogonov,
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
(1998), pp. 414–15.

37
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 458.

38
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, pp. 459–63.

39
 Robert C. McFarlane,
Special Trust
, p. 301.

40
 Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(1996), p. 548.

41
 Campbell,
Margaret Thatcher, Vol. 2
, pp. 297–8.

42
 Gaddis,
The Cold War
, p. 226.

43
 Kenneth Adelman to Paul Lettow, quoted in Paul Lettow,
Ronald Reagan and his Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
(2005), p.
132.

44
 Quoted in Gaddis,
The Cold War
, p. 232.

45
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 471.

46
 Ronald Reagan, 12 October 1986; quoted in
The Times
, 13 October 1986.

47
 Text in Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 473.

48
 Fairhall,
Common Ground
, p. 193.

49
 Fairhall,
Common Ground
, p. 199.

50
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 472.

Chapter 9

1
 
The Times
, 21 October 1981.

2
 
The Times
, 2 June 1983.

3
 Stephen Fay,
Power Play: The Life and Times of Peter Hall
(1995), p. 274.

4
 
The Times
, 26 October 1982.

5
 Robert Skidelsky,
John Maynard Keynes
, vol. 3:
Fighting for Britain 1937–1946
(2001), pp. 288, 290; Christopher
Gordon and Peter Stark, ‘Funding of the Arts and Heritage’ (August 2012).

6
 
The Times
, 31 March 1984.

7
 Roy Strong,
The Roy Strong Diaries 1967–1987
(1997), p. 331 (14 April 1983); Luke Rittner, interview with the author, 16
March 2011.

8
 
The Times
, 21 October 1981, 2 June 1983, 29 December 1989.

9
 Statement by Iain Sproat, MP, minister for sport, 11 July 1994, HC Deb. 6s., vol. 246, col. 655.

10
 Richard Cork,
New Spirit, New Sculpture, New Money: Art in the 1980s
(2003), pp. 13–15.

11
 Cork,
New Spirit, New Sculpture, New Money
, p. 468.

12
 Strong,
The Roy Strong Diaries
, p. 338 (12 July 1983).

13
 Hanif Kureishi at the council meeting of the Royal Court Theatre, 13 July 1987, and Caryl Churchill at the ‘British Theatre
in Crisis’ conference, 1988; quoted in Philip Roberts,
About Churchill: The Playwright and the Work
(2008), pp. 109, 110.