Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (72 page)

240–241, 283; and white women, 213,

241

279; and withdrawal of British, 215,

Lazzary, Bramante, 163, 176

216–217, 218–219; suspicions on

Le Cap, 9, 11, 28–29, 48–49, 51, 78, 86,

French, 218–219; diplomacy of, 223–

88, 222, 226; description of, 22–24;

226, 246; and United States, 223–225,

conflict in, 80, 145, 155–159, 177,

235; and independence, 224–226,

200–203, 247; and 1791 insurrection,

252–253; autonomy of, 226; conflict

96–97, 110, 113, 124; demands for ab-

with André Rigaud, 231–236; assassi-

olition in, 162–163; and Leclerc expe-

nation attempts against, 234;

i n d e x

353

Louverture
(continued)

plantations, 227, 228–229; and

Constitution of, 238, 240–246, 253–

Bonaparte, 259, 260–261

254; labor regulations of, 239–240,

Militia, 66, 86, 110, 242, 262

244–245, 247, 248; and Leclerc expe-

Mills, Jean-Baptiste, 169, 285

dition, 251–252, 253–254, 257, 261–

Milot, 147

262, 265–269, 271–278; capture of,

Mirabalais, 119, 183–184, 215

277–278; in Africa, 295; death of, 296–

Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel de Riquetti,

297

Comte de, 59, 72–73, 75, 76, 85, 87

Louverture, Isaac, 171–173, 251–252,

Moïse: as military commander, 179,

254, 267, 277

182, 206, 221–222, 237, 254; and up-

Louverture, Paul, 267, 289

rising against Louverture, 246–248,

Louverture, Placide, 251–252, 254, 267,

262

277

Môle Saint-Nicolas, 166, 178, 218, 219,

Louverture, Suzanne, 277

234

Monopoly, 32, 84, 85–86

Macaya, 160, 201, 266–267, 274, 282,

Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric-Louis

283, 287, 288

Elie, 8–15, 20, 21–22, 24, 34, 44–45,

Mademoiselle, 184

49, 53–54, 68–71, 142; political in-

Maitland, Thomas, 216, 218–219

volvement of, 71–73, 76, 79, 83–84,

Makandal, 51–52, 55, 56–57

241; juridical thought of, 82, 194,

Managers, of plantations, 20, 36–37, 124,

241

128, 132–134, 283, 287

Mortality, of slaves, 39–40, 93–94

Manumission, 46, 48, 61–62, 67, 114,

Mosquito Coast, 121

164

Mossut, Pierre, 92, 95, 103

Mapou, 276

Music, 42, 49, 101, 274–275

Marat, Jean-Paul, 129

Maréchaussée, 49–50, 54, 64, 67, 110

Nantes, 20, 75, 151

Markets, 22, 48–49, 52

National Assembly, 21, 61, 74, 80–82,

Marmelade, 172, 179, 189

107, 110, 120; and rights for free peo-

Maroons, 52–55, 57, 58, 67, 68, 184, 186;

ple of color, 74, 82–85, 87, 89, 125;

and 1791 insurrection, 54–55, 211; in

blamed for unrest in colony, 98, 103,

Jamaica, 57, 211, 223

117, 144; dissolution of, 145

Martial, 138–139, 148, 161

National Convention: creation of, 145;

Martinique, 9, 16, 256–257, 284; slave

and administration of colony, 154, 158;

revolt in, 79–80, 83; royal take-over in,

abolition of slavery by, 167, 168–170,

145, 146

179–180, 190–191, 242; dissolution of,

Masson, Marie-Rose, 113–114, 278

196

Matouba, 285

Naturalization, 213

Maurepas, 262, 266, 269, 271, 274,

Necker, Jacques, 73

289

New York, 169

Mercier, Louis Sebastien, 57–58

Northern province, 42, 47, 53, 211; de-

Michel, Pierre, 200–201, 232

scription of, 25–26; and Makandal,

Middle passage, 39–41, 45

51–52, 57; Provincial Assembly of, 78–

Midwives, 273

79, 85; uprisings against Louverture

Military service, of ex-slaves: and aboli-

in, 190–191, 247; post-emancipation

tion of slavery, 157–159, 163, 166, 168;

agriculture in, 229–230; and Leclerc

and Louverture, 184, 220–221; and

expedition, 263–267, 274, 283, 287–

citizenship, 214–215; and access to

288

354

i n d e x

Odeluc, 91, 92, 94, 95, 113–114, 278

270, 279; and war of independence,

Ogé, Vincent, 26, 80, 82, 87–88, 120,

293

125, 134–135

Port-de-Paix, 168, 184, 289; uprisings in,

Ollivier, Vincent, 65–66

190, 191, 234, 262, 283

Ouanaminthe, 129, 147

Port-Salut, 139

Priests, and 1791 uprising, 103, 108; and

Perroud, Henry, 200, 201

Louverture, 207, 244, 249

Petion, Alexandre, 234, 254, 287, 288,

Prostitution, 248, 279

293, 294, 303

Puerto Rico, 304

Petite-Rivière, 187

Petit-Goâve, 234

Quasi-War, 223–224

Petits blancs, 35, 77–78, 136, 145

Philadelphia, 8, 10, 159, 169, 201, 207,

Racial categories, 5–6, 70–71, 151; and

241

free people of color, 61–62; and revo-

Philipeau, 36–39, 132, 169, 278–279

lutionary conflicts, 201–202, 232–233;

Pickering, Thomas, 224

in post-independence Haiti, 300

Pierrot, 158, 159, 160, 162, 200

Racial equality: in elections, 120; and

Pinchinat, Pierre, 119, 121, 137, 146–

British occupation, 166–167; celebra-

147, 167

tion of, 169, 210, 215; elimination of,

Piracy, 16, 17, 32

284–285

Pitt, William, 117

Raimond, Julien, 28, 60–64, 67, 70, 103,

Plaisance, 179, 187

135, 143; family history of, 61, 63, 71;

Plantations: functioning of, 18–19, 20,

activism of, 76, 80, 82, 83, 89; as com-

36–39, 45–48; numbers of, 19; protests

missioner, 196, 203, 208, 222; renting

on, 53; prisons on, 53; destruction of,

of plantations by, 204; defense of

96, 113, 229–230; return of ex-slaves

emancipation, 211; and 1801 Constitu-

to, 127–128, 184; and transfer of land

tion, 242; death of, 242

to ex-slaves, 161–162, 185; post-eman-

Ravine-à-Couleuvre, 269

cipation management of, 162, 184–

Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas

189, 214, 220, 232, 233; renting of,

François, 57–58, 59, 103, 172, 203

204–205, 227; attempts of returning

Reestablishment of slavery: in

planters to recover, 226–229

Guadeloupe, 4, 285–286; rumors of,

Platons, 139–140, 148, 160

189–191, 201, 203, 204, 240, 286;

Poison, 51–52, 55–56, 58

threat of, 211, 233, 257–258, 265; de-

Polish troops, 256, 281, 288, 289; defec-

cisions about, 259–260, 284–286

tions of, 294–295, 300

Refugees, 8, 115, 153, 159, 168–169,

Polverel, Etienne: background of, 142–

177–178; and Louverture, 188–189,

143; as commissioner, 143–148, 172,

218, 219, 226–229, 242; and attacks on

179; and abolition of slavery, 154–165,

emancipation, 207–208, 209, 211, 241

168, 179; trial of, 180, 196; administra-

Regiment du Cap, 146–147

tion of emancipation by, 184–187, 197;

Religion, 11–12, 43–45, 49, 51, 244, 302;

death of, 196

and 1791 uprising, 55, 99–103.
See

Population, 19, 20, 27, 28, 30

also
Catholicism; Priests; Vodou

Port-au-Prince, 12, 23, 26, 49, 54, 64,

Reparations, for slavery, 214

155, 232; political conflicts in, 86,

Representation, for colonies, 74–75, 77,

119–122, 136–137; and British occu-

168–170, 194

pation, 167–168, 179, 181–182, 198,

Richepance, Antoine, 285–286

218; and Leclerc expedition, 262, 266,

Richmond, 304

i n d e x

355

Rigaud, André: background of, 67; as

276, 283, 287; and conflict with

leader of free people of color, 119,

Christophe, 294; palace of, 294, 303

122; as military commander, 137, 160,

Santo Domingo: Spanish colony, 10, 16,

196, 216; as leader of Southern prov-

21, 52, 88; town of, 15, 16, 262; and

ince, 193, 197, 199, 204, 217, 220,

support for 1791 insurrection, 107–

231–233; conflict with Louverture,

108, 116, 152–153, 166, 176–178;

215, 231–236; and Leclerc expedition,

planter exiles in, 177–178, 180;

254

French presence in, 183, 217, 226,

Rights of Man.
See
Declaration of the

236; occupation of by Louverture,

Rights of Man and Citizen

236–238, 253, 256; and Leclerc expe-

Rio de Janeiro, 305

dition, 254, 262, 265

Robespierre, Maximilien, 88–89, 103

Sasportas, 225

Rochambeau, Donatien Marie Joseph

Savannah, 66, 67

de: and integration of army units, 146–

Schoelcher, Victor, 177, 216, 305

147; and Leclerc expedition, 263–264,

Schools, 203

266, 269, 276; as commander of

Seven Years’ War, 33, 62, 64

French, 292–293, 297, 300

Sexual relationships, 47–48, 68–70, 151

Romaine la Rivière, 106, 108

Slave trade, 32–33, 39–41, 84, 151, 159,

Roume de Saint-Laurent, Philippe Rose,

214, 222, 237; opposition to, 73; re-

138, 196, 226, 237

opening of, 284, 286

Rouvray: Laurent François Lenoir, Mar-

Société de Clichy, 295

quis de, 67, 74, 76, 81, 115, 118, 145;

Société des Amis des Noirs, 73, 75–76,

Rose Angélique D’Allesso D’Eragny,

79–80, 81, 104, 129–130, 143, 213

Madame de, 90, 103, 115, 117

Société des Colons Américains, 81

Royalism: of slave insurgents, 104, 106–

Sonthonax, Léger Félicité, 107, 283;

108, 158, 159–160, 182–183; African

background of, 142–143; as commis-

influence on, 108–109; of planters,

sioner, 143–148, 196, 198, 203–204;

144–145, 153

and abolition of slavery, 154–159, 168,

Royalty, among slaves, 44–45, 107, 108

176, 177, 179, 207, 305; trial of, 180,

Rumors, 237; and political mobilization,

196, 285; administration of emancipa-

79–80, 98, 107–108, 135; of reestab-

tion by, 184–187, 204–205; election of,

lishment of slavery, 189–191, 201, 203,

205–208

204, 240

Southern province, 42, 47, 61; descrip-

tion of, 27–28, 233–234; political con-

Saint Christopher, 16, 17

flict in, 80, 119, 122; slave mobilization

Saint-Louis du Nord, 191

in, 134–136, 138–140; British occupa-

Saint-Marc, 26, 121, 151; Colonial As-

tion of, 166, 197; administration of

sembly in, 78–79, 85, 87; British occu-

André Rigaud in, 193, 197, 199, 204,

pation of, 166–167, 180–181, 215, 218;

217, 220, 231; war in, 232–234, 235–

and Leclerc expedition, 269–270, 289

236; and Leclerc expedition, 267, 269,

Saint-Michel, 182

283, 287

Saint-Raphael, 182

Spain: support of insurgents by, 107–108,

Salaries, for ex-slaves, 164, 165, 187, 188,

116, 152–153, 166, 176–178; and war

195, 205–206; and inequality between

with France, 152; and Louverture,

men and women, 164, 185–186

176–180, 182–183, 236–238; and

Sangros, 264–265

planter refugees, 177–178, 180; exile

Sans-Souci: as insurgent leader, 122, 149;

of Jean-François in, 183.
See also

and Leclerc expedition, 262, 265, 274,

Santo Domingo

356

i n d e x

Sugar, 15, 18–19, 21, 26, 192; harvesting

Va-Malheureux, 283

and processing of, 45–46; post-eman-

Vaublanc, Viennot de, 209–211, 213,

cipation production of, 211–212, 213,

217, 218, 220

223, 229, 238, 249

Vendée, 217

Sumner, Charles, 303

Vesey, Denmark, 305

Suriname, 54, 57

Villatte, Jean-Louis: as military com-

Stephen, James, 50, 252–253, 257–259,

mander, 159, 168, 196; conflict with

260–261, 284

Louverture, 199–200; and uprising

Stevens, Edward, 224, 225, 233, 234, 237

against Laveaux, 200–203, 222, 232

Swiss, 119–120, 135, 198, 232

Vincent, Charles Marie Humbert Marie,

Sylla, 274, 276–277

246, 253

Virginia, 18

Taino, 13–15, 299

Virgin Mary, 106

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice

Vodou, 43–45, 99–102, 193, 244, 302

de, 256

Voting rights, 214–215

Theater, 24, 75

Tiburon, 182, 281

War of the South, 232–236, 293

Tobacco, 17, 18, 19

Western province, 42; description of, 26–

Tortuga, 17, 283

27; slave uprisings and resistance in,

Torture, 50, 56, 123, 292–293

101, 132–134; political conflict in,

Tousard, Anne-Louis de, 115, 118, 126

119–122; British occupation of, 166–

Treaty of Amiens, 252, 275, 284

168, 218; Louverture’s command over,

Treaty of Bâle, 183, 253

187–189, 198; and Leclerc expedition,

Treaty of Rhyswick, 17

269–274, 283, 289

Whipping, 38, 50, 53, 98, 123, 139, 178,

United States: refugees from Saint-

257

Domingue in, 8, 159, 168–169, 177–

Wilberforce, William, 305

178, 227; merchants from, 33, 223–

Wine, 150

224, 233, 268; and relationship with

Louverture, 224–226, 235; fears of

Yellow fever.
See
Disease

slave insurrection in, 225, 304; occu-

Yoruba, 40, 43