Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (66 page)

24.
Moniteur Général,
November 19, 1791, 31–32.

25. Ibid., November 22, 1791, 29–31; ibid., December 9, 1791, 101–102.

26. Ibid., December 9, 1791, 101–102; ibid., December 17, 1791, 134–136;

Deputy of Le Cap to the Civil Commissioners, December 15, 1791, DXXV 1,

folder 4, no. 9, AN.

27.
Moniteur Général,
December 17, 1791, 134–136; ibid., December 19, 1791, 142–143; “Adresse à l’assemblée générale . . . par MM. les citoyens de couleur, de la Grand Rivière,” DXXV 1, folder 4, no. 4, AN; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
115.

28.
Moniteur Général,
December 16, 1791, 132; ibid., December 23, 1791, 158; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
115–118, and quotation from editor’s note on 118; Commissioner Roume to Minister of the Colonies, April 12, 1792, DXXV 1,

folder 4, no. 1, AN; the debate on the name of the assembly was printed in the
Moniteur Général
starting with December 9, 1791.

29. Jean-François and Biassou to Commissioners, December 12 and 15, 1791;

“Note des Commissaires,” December 16, 1791; Jean-François and Biassou to

n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 2 0 – 1 2 7

325

Commissioners, December 17, 1791, all DXXV 1, folder 4, nos. 6, 42–44, AN;

Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
118–119;
Moniteur Générale,
December 23, 1791, 157.

30. Jean-François and Biassou to Commissioners, December 21, 1791, DXXV

1, folder 4, no. 19, AN.

31. Gros,
Isle de Saint-Domingue,
21, 27.

32. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
117; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
123.

33. Florence Gauthier, “Comment la nouvelle de l’insurrection des esclaves de Saint-Domingue fut-elle reçue en France (1791–1793)?” in
L’Insurrection des
esclaves de Saint-Domingue,
ed. Laënnec Hurbon (Paris, 2000), 15–27, 21–22; Thomas Clarkson,
The True State of the Case Respecting the Insurrection at St.

Domingo
(Ipswich, 1792), 8;
L’Ami du Peuple,
December 12, 1791, in Jacques De Cock and Charlotte Goëtz,
Jean-Paul Marat: Oeuvres Politiques, 1789–1793

(Brussels, 1993), 3788.

34. Olympe de Gouges, preface to
Black Slavery, or the Happy Shipwreck

(Paris, 1792), trans. Maryann De Julio, in
Translating Slavery: Gender and Race
in French Women’s Writing, 1783–1823,
ed. Doris Y. Kadish and Françoise Massardier-Kenney (Kent, Ohio, 1994), 87–117, 88; Gauthier, “Comment la nouvelle”; Marcel Dorigny and Bernard Gainot,
La Société des Amis des Noirs, 1788–

1799
(Paris, 1998).

35. Ott,
Haitian Revolution,
65; Robin Blackburn,
The Overthrow of Colonial
Slavery, 1776–1778
(London, 1989), 206.

36. “Loi relative aux colonies et aux moyens d’y apaiser les troubles, donnée à Paris, le 4 Avril 1792”, AD VII 20A, AN; Blackburn,
Overthrow of Colonial Slavery,
193–204.

6 . d e f i a n c e

1. Gabriel Debien, “Sur les plantations Mauger à l’Artibonite (Saint-Domingue 1763–1803),” in
Enquêtes et Documents: Nantes, Afrique, Amérique
(Nantes, 1981), 298–299.

2. Ibid., 282–283.

3. Ibid., 284–285.

4. Ibid., 286–287.

5. Ibid., 300–301.

6. Ibid., 301–302.

7. Carolyn Fick,
The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below
(Knoxville, 1990), 137–138.

8. Ibid., 131–133.

9. Ibid., 132, 141.

10. Pamphile de Lacroix,
La Révolution de Haiti
(1819; reprint, Paris, 1995), 326

n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 2 8 – 1 3 6

127–128; Jean-Philippe Garran-Coulon,
Rapport sur les troubles de Saint-

Domingue
(Paris, 1798–99), 3:75–76.

11. David Geggus, “The Arming of Slaves in the Haitian Revolution,” in
The
Arming of Slaves,
ed. Philip Morgan and Christopher Brown (New Haven, forthcoming), 15–17; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
129–130; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
139–140; Thomas Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti
(1847–48; reprint, Port-au-Prince, 1989), 1:131–132.

12. Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:133; Geggus, “Arming of Slaves,” 17–18.

13. Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
135–139; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:140–143; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
139.

14. Chaela Pastore, “Merchant Voyages: Michel Marsaudon and the Exchange

of Colonialism in Saint-Domingue, 1788–1794” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2001), 134; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:211; Lacroix,
Révolution de
Haiti,
131–138; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
140.

15. Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
138; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:101; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
140.

16. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
141–142.

17. Ibid., 143–144.

18. Ibid., 144–145; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:149; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
143–146.

19. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
145–146.

20. Ibid., 146–151; Pastore, “Merchant Voyages,” 176.

21. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
148–150; Bernard Foubert, “Les Volontaires nationaux de l’Aube et de la Seine-Inférieure à Saint-Domingue (octobre 1792–janvier 1793),”

Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire de la Guadeloupe
51 (1er trimestre 1982): 3–54, 17–18, 29, 41; Pastore, “Merchant Voyages,” 167.

22. Nathalie Picquionne, “Lettre de Jean-François, Biassou et Belair, Juillet 1792,”
Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française
311 (January–March 1998): 132–139, 133–135; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
161.

23. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
145, 154–156; Pastore, “Merchant Voyages,” 154; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:141–144.

24. Robert Louis Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax: The Lost Sentinel of the Republic
(London, 1985), 82; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
315

25. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
22–25, 42–43; Jacques de Cauna, “Polverel et Sonthonax: Deux voies pour l’abolition de l’esclavage,”
Revue Française d’Histoire
d’Outre-mer
84 (1997): 47–53, 48–49; Marcel Dorigny, “Sonthonax et Brissot: Le cheminement d’une filiation politique assumée,” ibid., 29–40.

26. Dorigny, “Sonthonax et Brissot,” 35–36; Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
22–23.

27. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
23–25; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:128–

129; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:151; Dorigny, “Sonthonax et Brissot,” 31.

n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 3 7 – 1 4 3

327

28. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
42–45.

29. Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:133–134.

30. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
46–48; Dorigny, “Sonthonax et Brissot,”

31–32.

31. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
157.

32. Pastore, “Merchant Voyage,” 164–165; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:118–124; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
157.

33. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
51–52.

34. Ibid., 56; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:153;
Moniteur Générale
, February 9, 1793, 337.

35. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
54–55, 58.

36. Ibid., 59–60; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:227–242.

37. Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:159; Pamphile de Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
153; Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
61.

38. Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:246–247; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:163–164.

39.
Moniteur Général,
February 4, 1793, 319; ibid., February 5, 1793, 323; ibid., February 7, 1793, 331; ibid., February 26, 1793, 406.

40. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
155–156; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:166.

41. David Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies
(Bloomington, 2002), 137–

145; Foubert, “Les Volontaires,” 33–35;
Moniteur Général,
February 28, 1793, 419.

42. Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:215;
Moniteur Général,
February 9, 1793, 339–

340; ibid., March 5, 1793, 434–435; ibid., February 28, 1793, 419; Julius Scott,

“The Common Wind: Currents of Afro-American Communication in the Era of

the Haitian Revolution” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1986).

43. Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:394;
Moniteur Général,
February 9, 1793, 339–

340; ibid., March 8, 1793, 446–447; ibid., March 5, 1793, 434–435.

44.
Moniteur Générale,
February 24, 1793, 399; ibid., February 21, 1793, 388; ibid., February 8, 1793, 336; ibid., February 12, 1793, 352.

45. Ibid., February 19, 1793, 380; ibid., February 25, 1793, 403; ibid., February 8, 1793, 336.

46. Thomas Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:263;
Moniteur Générale,
February 5, 1793, 322.

47.
Moniteur Général,
March 22, 1793, 504;
DuBois Slave-Trade Database
(Cambridge, 2000).

7 . l i b e r t y ’ s l a n d

1. David Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies
(Bloomington, 2002), 175; idem,
Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint-Domingue, 1793–

1798
(Oxford, 1982), 103, 338.

328

n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 4 4 – 1 5 2

2. David Geggus, “The Arming of Slaves in the Haitian Revolution,” in
The
Arming of Slaves,
ed. Philip Morgan and Christopher Brown (New Haven, forthcoming), 23–25; idem,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies,
179–180.

3. Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
58–64.

4. Ibid., 103; Jean-Philippe Garran-Coulon,
Rapport sur les troubles de Saint-Domingue,
4 vols. (Paris, 1798–99), 4:24, 30–31; Robert Louis Stein,
Légér Félicité
Sonthonax: The Lost Sentinel of the Republic
(London, 1985), 69, 78.

5. Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
83, 64.

6. Proclamation of Etienne Polverel and Légér Félicité Sonthonax, May 5, 1793, in Gabriel Debien, “Aux origines de l’abolition de l’esclavage,”
Revue d’Histoire
des Colonies
36 (1er trimestre, 1949): 24–55, 35–43; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
4:31–33, 55–56.

7. Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
69–72; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:400–409; 4:26, 35–36. For some of Boissière’s writings, see
Moniteur Général
, February 3, 1793, 315; ibid., February 7, 1793, 330.

8. Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
70–73.

9. Ibid., 70–73; Pierre Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture
(Paris, 1989), 81; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:366–370, 395–399; “Précis des faits relatifs à la malheureuse colonie de Saint-Domingue,” DXXV 14, folder 127, no. 6, AN.

10. Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
74–75; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:437–

446; Thomas Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti
(1847–48; reprint, Port-au-Prince, 1989), 1:178–179; Pamphile de Lacroix,
La Révolution de Haiti
(1819; reprint, Paris, 1995), 162.

11. Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
3:446–447, 474; Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
75; Carolyn Fick,
The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below
(Knoxville, 1990), 158–159; Pailleux to the Colonial Commission, 30 Frimaire An 3 (December 20, 1794), DXXV 125, folder 991, no. 1, AN.

12. Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
75; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
159.

13. Pailleux to the Colonial Commission, 30 Frimaire An 3 (December 20,

1794); Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
4:41–42.

14. Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
164–165; Paillieux to the Colonial Commission, 30 Frimaire An 3 (December 20, 1794); Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
76.

15. Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
76; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
159; Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies,
126.

16. Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
4:6, 43; Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies,
267.

17. Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
98; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
166–67; John Thornton, “I Am the Subject of the King of Kongo: African Political Ideology and the Haitian Revolution,”
Journal of World History
4 (fall 1993): 181–183.

18. Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
4:11–14, 48–51; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
161; Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax,
76; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:185.

n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 5 3 – 1 6 0

329

19. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
163–164.

20. Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
169.

21. Proclamation of Etienne Polverel, August 27, 1793, in Debien, “Aux

origines,” 43–55, quotations on 43–45.

22. Ibid., 45–46, 48.

23. Ibid., 49, 52.

24. Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies,
126; Garran-Coulon,
Rapport,
4:53–57.

25. Florence Gauthier, “Le Rôle de la députation de Saint-Domingue dans

l’abolition de l’esclavage,” in
Les Abolitions de l’Esclavage de L. F
.
Sonthanax à V.

Schoelcher, 1793, 1794, 1848,
ed. Marcel Dorigny (Paris, 1995), 200–211, 203; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
170; Proclamation of Sonthonax, August 29, 1793, in Gabriel Debien, “Aux origines de l’abolition de l’esclavage,”
Revue d’Histoire des
Colonies
36 (3ème et 4ème trimestres 1949): 348–356.

26. Bramante Lazzary, August 30, 1793, D XXV 23, 231, no. 98, AN.