Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (71 page)

Bambara, Gilles; Belley, Jean-Baptiste;

sentative, 168–170, 194–195, 205;

Cangé; Desrances, Lamour;

death of, 285

Dieudonné; Macaya; Pierrot; Sans-

Benin, 43

Souci; Sylla

Biassou, Georges: as insurgent leader,

Agé, Pierre, 237, 267

106, 109, 124–129, 141, 147, 148, 287;

Ailhaud, Jean-François, 142

service with Spanish, 152, 159–160,

Biassou, Georges
(continued)

Cartagena, 17–18, 65

166, 177; conflict with Louverture,

Catholicism, 11–12, 49, 101, 106, 108,

178, 183

160; and Louverture, 173, 175, 176,

Blackface, 103

199, 203, 227, 244, 248, 249

Blanchelande, Philibert François Rouxel

Cemeteries, 11–13, 20, 42

de, 139

Central America, 183

Blin, Paul, 112

Cercle des Philadelphes, 10

Bois-Caïman ceremony, 99–102, 172

Césaire, Aimé, 2, 11

Boisrond-Tonnerre, Louis Félix, 298,

Charleston, 305

299

Chavannes, Jean-Baptiste, 88, 125

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 2, 236; colonial

Christophe, Henri: as military leader;

policy of, 240–241, 258, 260–261,

179, 206, 222, 235, 247; and Leclerc

284–286; and Leclerc expedition, 250,

expedition, 262–266, 267, 269, 274;

257–259, 262–263, 280–281, 291–292;

surrender of, 274–275; service with

and Louverture, 253–254, 261; death

French of, 276, 281, 287; desertion of

of, 292

French, 288–289; conflict with Sans-

Bonaparte, Pauline, 251, 292

Souci, 294; as king, 294, 303, 305, 306

Bordeaux, 20, 75, 81, 119, 142, 169

Citadel, 303, 306

Borel, Claude Isaac, 136, 137

Citizenship: and free people of color, 74,

Borgella, Bernard, 227, 242

75, 76, 78, 80–85, 87, 89–90, 118–120,

Boston, 303

125, 130–131; and emancipation, 157,

Boucaniers, 17, 18

163, 164, 165–166, 170; for ex-slaves,

Boukman, 33, 94, 99–100, 106, 124

213–214

Branding, 39, 49, 53

Clarkson, Thomas, 87, 129

Brazil, 304, 305

Clerveaux, Augustin, 288

Bréda plantation, 157, 171, 223

Club Massiac, 75–76, 81, 82, 143

Brest, 251

Code Noir, 12, 48, 49, 50, 58; master’s

Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 72,

resistance to, 30–31; and maroons, 53;

73, 81, 83, 111, 129–130, 143

and free people of color, 60, 61, 62,

British: and contraband trade, 33;

120

planter overtures to, 117, 153; and war

Coffee, 20–21, 27, 28, 42, 54, 171; har-

with France, 152, 252–253, 260–261,

vesting of, 46–47; and free people of

275, 297, 298; occupation of Saint-

color, 64; post-emancipation produc-

Domingue, 166–168, 178, 179, 180–

tion of, 189, 192, 214, 223, 229, 238,

182, 183–184, 233, 259, 271; with-

249

drawal from Saint-Domingue, 215,

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 32

218–219.
See also
Jamaica

Colonial Assembly, 71, 136; pre-revolu-

tionary desire for, 33; and 1791 insur-

Cabarets, 57

rection, 71, 98, 125–127; formation of,

Cacao, 16, 150

78–79, 84; and “Constitutional Princi-

Cachots, 53, 128, 204

ples,” 85–87; and free people of color,

Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques Régis de,

118, 125–127; and commissioners, 144

253–254

Colonial Committee, 84–85

Canada, 20

Colonial Ministry, 31, 60, 83, 130, 241,

Cangé, 287

246, 253, 276

Cap, Jean-Baptiste, 108, 124

Columbus, Christopher, 13, 15, 292

Caradeux, Jean-Baptiste de, 136, 137

Committee of Public Safety, 145

Caribs, 13, 16, 71

Company of Africans, 137–138

350

i n d e x

Company of the Indies, 12, 29

Desrances, Lamour, 232, 270

Concordats, 118–120, 130

Dessalines, Jean-Jacques: and indepen-

Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicholas de

dence of Haiti, 1, 298–300; as military

Caritat, Marquis de, 72–73, 103, 165,

commander, 172, 179, 182, 191, 222,

192

235, 254, 262, 266, 269–271, 273–274;

Confederates, 119–122

ownership of plantations by, 193; as

Congo.
See
Kongo

agricultural inspector, 247, 282; and

Congos, and war of independence, 294,

massacres of whites, 270–271, 300–

295.
See also
Sans-Souci

301; service with French of, 275–276,

Constituent Assembly, 242, 243

281–282, 283, 287; desertion of

Constitution: of 1801, for Saint-

French, 288, 289, 293; as leader of war

Domingue, 238, 240, 242–246, 253–

of independence, 293–294, 295, 297;

254; of 1800, for France, 241, 243; of

as leader of independent Haiti, 300–

Haiti, 300

301, 303, 305

Consulate, 240–241, 252–253, 257

D’Estaing, Charles, 65–66

Contraband trade, 33

Dieudonné, 198–199

Corps Législatif, 196

Directory regime, 196, 203, 217, 225

Corsica, 240, 285

Disarmament, 282–283

Cotton, 27, 214, 229

Disease, 66, 216, 268, 276, 280–281

Council of the Elders, 196

Divorce, 244

Council of the Five Hundred, 196, 209,

Doco, 184

213

Dogs, 15, 292–293

Counterrevolution, 104, 130, 144–145,

Domestics, 46, 47, 248–249

153, 169, 207, 218

Dondon, 172, 179

Creole: language, 28, 43, 155, 173, 263;

Douglass, Frederick, 305

definition of, 34, 249; whites, 34–35;

Drivers, on plantations, 36, 37–38, 132–

slaves, 37

134, 283; and 1791 insurrection, 38,

Crête-à-Pierrot, 271–274

97–98, 99, 112

Croix-des-Bouquets, 119, 136–137

Dufay, Louis, 169, 285

Cuba, 15, 21, 28, 32, 115, 173, 292, 304,

Dumesle, Hérard, 100–101

305

Cul-de-Sac plain, 26, 53, 136–137

Edwards, Bryan, 34, 86, 111–112, 117

Elections, 78, 168, 205

Dalmas, Antoine, 77, 100, 104

Emancipation: administration of, 4–5,

Dancing, 49, 124

161–166, 173–175, 184–193; in U.S.,

Danton, Georges, 169

165, 173; defense of, 194–196, 205,

Datty, Etienne, 190, 191, 205–206

211, 213–215

Declaration of the Rights of Man and

Encomienda, 14

Citizen, 3, 82, 84, 151, 208, 233; and

Enlightenment, 10; and criticism of slav-

slavery, 77, 83; as inspiration for insur-

ery, 57–58, 71–72, 82, 143; blamed for

gents, 102, 105, 141; and abolition of

1791 insurrection, 104

slavery, 162–164, 207; and defense of

Ennery, 179, 189, 277

emancipation, 213, 243

Estates-General, 73–75, 77

Decrès, Denis, 265, 281, 285, 286, 290

Descourtilz, Michel Etienne, 34, 69,

Flag, Haitian, creation of, 293

221, 226, 228–229, 234–235, 270–271,

Flaville, Joseph, 199, 247

280, 295–296

Fleur-de-lis, 49, 53, 106, 107, 155

Desmoulins, Camille, 111

Flibustiers, 17, 18

i n d e x

351

Florida, 183

Gros, 122–124, 128, 151

Fon, 43

Guadeloupe, 16, 145, 188, 237; re-estab-

Fort Bizoton, 182

lishment of slavery in, 4, 257, 285–286

Fort-Dauphin, 180, 222.
See also
Fort

Guyambois, Jean, 141

Liberté

Fort de Joux, 296–297

Haiti: independence of, 1, 298–300;

Fort Liberté, 222, 263

post-independence, 205, 294, 302–

Fort Picolet, 265

304; flag of, 293; name of, 299

Freemasons, 9, 71, 142

Hamilton, Alexander, 242

Free people of color, 6, 26, 28, 52, 144,

Hédouville, Gabriel Marie Theodore Jo-

145; military service of, 55, 64–68, 86,

seph de, 217–223, 225, 226, 231, 233

118–119, 149–150; activism of, 60, 80–

Hispaniola, 13–17, 18, 243

84, 87–88, 118–120, 134–135; discrim-

Hugues, Victor, 188

ination against, 61–64, 70–71; eco-

Hyacinthe, 101, 136–137, 138

nomic success of, 64, 70; and sexuality,

68–70; struggle for political rights of,

Ibo, 41, 168

74, 75, 76, 78, 80–85, 87, 89–90, 118–

Inca, 299

120, 125; granting of rights to, 130–

Indemnity, 303

131; and commissioners, 146–147,

Indentured laborers, 18

153, 156–157, 161; and British occu-

Independence: proposed by Sonthonax,

pation, 166–167, 178, 180–181; con-

207–208; and Louverture, 224–226,

trol of Southern province by, 197–198;

252–253; and Dessalines, 273, 293; for

and Villatte affair, 200–203; and War

Poland, 294; of Haiti, 298–300

of the South, 232–234; and Leclerc ex-

Indian Ocean colonies, 194, 259

pedition, 254; and Rochambeau, 293

Indigo, 18, 19, 26–27, 28, 214, 278

Insurrection of 1791: beginning of, 94–

Gabriel’s rebellion, 304

97; organization of, 97–99; and reli-

Galbaud du Fort, François-Thomas,

gion, 99–102; interpretation of causes

155–157, 159, 169

of, 103; and political ideology, 104–

Gallifet: Joseph d’Honor de, 17; Marquis

109; Spanish support of, 107–108, 116,

de, 75, 91, 92, 278; plantations, 17, 47,

152–153, 166; and military tactics,

91–94, 95, 100, 113–114, 115–116

109–110, 116; violence of, 110–112,

Garden plots, 48–49, 52, 185, 186, 229–

113; attempts to repress, 115–116,

230

147–148; and white prisoners, 122–

Garran-Coulon, Jean-Philippe, 105

124; impact in south and west, 132–

Gatherings, of slaves, 49–50, 55

134; and emancipation, 154–166, 169–

Gingembre-Trop-Fort, 221

170

Ginger, 16

Intermediary Commission, 146

Gonaives, 26, 177–179, 181, 269, 277,

Irrigation, 13, 23, 26, 92

289

Islam, 51, 57, 259

Gouges, Olympe de, 75, 129

Italy, 251

Gouly, Marie-Benoît-Louis, 194–195

Grande-Rivière, 87, 182, 262

Jacmel, 287, 288

Grandet, 222

Jacobin Club, 143, 145

Grand-Goâve, 234

Jamaica, 19, 21, 28, 32, 117, 121, 153,

Grégoire, Abbé Henri, 59, 67–68, 73, 81,

223, 225; maroons in, 57, 211, 223

83, 85, 87, 89, 237

James, C. L. R., 2, 4, 172, 173, 177, 306

352

i n d e x

Jean-François: as insurgent leader, 106,

dition, 262–265, 274, 281, 288, 289;

109, 123–129, 141, 148, 287, 305; ser-

and Rochambeau, 292–293, 297

vice with Spanish, 152, 159–160, 166,

Leclerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel, 250,

177, 180, 182

251–252, 254–256, 259, 262–269,

Jeannot, 79, 112, 115, 123

274–278, 280–284, 286–292, 300

Jefferson, Thomas, 225, 298, 303

Le Jeune, Nicholas, 56

Jérémie, 27, 166, 218, 219

Léogane, 182

Jesuits, 12, 22, 49, 292

Léopardins, 86–87

Jumecourt, Hanus de, 119, 137, 145

Les Cayes, 15, 27, 135, 139–140, 160,

Jura, 296

204, 236, 262, 295

Léveillé, Pierre, 200, 222

Kerverseau, François, 208, 217, 253, 267

Libertat, Bayon de, 171, 206

Kina, Jean, 148–149, 182

Liberty taxes, 55, 74–75

Kongo, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 51, 54, 83, 168,

Limbé, 30, 51, 94, 97, 99, 124, 179, 265,

198; political ideologies from, 108–

287

109, 160; military tactics from, 109

London, 166, 216

Louis XVI, 73, 106, 125, 145, 152

Labor regulations: under Polverel and

Louisiana, 225, 303

Sonthonax, 162, 164–165, 185–186,

Louisiana Purchase, 304

220; under Louverture, 184, 187–189,

Louverture: François Dominique

214, 220, 233, 239–240, 244–245, 247,

Toussaint, 2, 4, 6, 26, 119, 305; and

248, 258; under Rigaud, 220, 232, 233

1791 insurrection, 125, 128, 176–177;

Lacroix, Pamphile de, 172, 184, 258,

service with Spanish, 166, 176–180;

270, 271, 272, 273–274, 276, 277, 279,

background of, 171–176; name of,

281

172; administration of emancipation

Lafortune, 270

by, 173–175, 184–193, 238–240; Ca-

Lamartinière, 273

tholicism of, 173, 175, 176, 199, 203,

Land, for ex-slaves, 162, 164–165, 185,

227, 261; joins French, 178–180; as

192, 193, 197, 228, 239–240, 247

military commander, 181–184, 196–

Laplume, 199, 227, 234, 267, 269

199; and occupation of Santo

La Rochelle, 20, 82

Domingo, 183; and white planters,

Las Casas, Bartolomé de la, 14–15

187, 188–189, 226–227; reconstruction

Laveaux, Etienne: and integration of

of plantation economy by, 188–189,

army units, 146–147; as military com-

238, 249–250; plantations of, 189; up-

mander, 147–148, 168, 180–181, 197,

risings against, 190–191, 234; and

199; and Louverture, 177, 179–180,

Villatte affair, 199–203; and elections,

183, 187, 188, 205, 207–208, 223, 279;

205–208; criticisms of, 207, 210; de-

and Villatte affair, 200–203; as repre-

fense of emancipation by, 209–211,

sentative, 205, 211, 213–215, 217,