American Experiment (273 page)

[Luce’s proposals for newspaper reform]:
quoted in Swanberg, p. 143.

522
[Reader’s Digest]: Mott, pp. 732–33; John Bainbridge, “Little Magazine,”
The New Yorker,
vol. 21, part 4 (“Profiles” series, November 17–Decembcr 15, 1945).

[Foreign-language papers before World War I]:
Rutland, p. 291.

[Measures against
Leader, Call,
and
Tageblatt]:
ibid.,
p. 297; Chaffee,
op. cit.,
pp. 86–92, 247–69, 298–305.

[Indian publications]:
James E. Murphy and Sharon M. Murphy,
Let My People Know: American Indian Journalism, 1828–1978
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1981), esp. ch. 3.

[Black papers]:
Frederick G. Detweiler,
The Negro Press in the United States
(University of Chicago Press, 1922), ch. 3; Richard Bardolph,
The Negro Vanguard
(Rinchart, 1959), pp. 142–46; Roi Ottley,
The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott
(Henry Regnery, 1955).

[“Furniture That Talks”]:
quoted in Reynold M. Wik, “The Radio in Rural America During the 1920s,”
Agricultural History,
vol. 55, no. 4 (October 1981), p. 340.

[Sarnoff]:
Eric Barnouw,
A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States
(Oxford University Press, 1966–70), vol. 1, pp. 75–81, Sarnoff’s “plan of development” quoted at p. 78; Eugene Lyons,
David Sarnoff
(Harper & Row, 1966).

523
[Sales of radio sets and parts]:
Barnouw, vol. 1, p. 125.

[Proliferation of stations]: ibid.,
p. 91.

[Content of musical programming]: ibid.,
pp. 126–31.

[Radio and farmers]:
Wik, pp. 344, 345, 348, 349, and
passim.

[Regulation of radio]:
Barnouw, vol. 1, pp. 94–96, 100–101, 121–22, 178–79, 211–19; Wik, pp. 341–42.

[McPherson’s telegram]:
quoted in Barnouw, vol. 1, p. 180.

524
[“A crude toy became an industry”]:
Barnouw,
op. cit.,
vol. 1, p. 225.

[Birth of a Nation]: Robert Sklar,
Movie-Made America: A Social History of American Movies
(Random House, 1975), pp. 57–61; Fred Silva, ed.,
Focus on
The Birth of a Nation (Prentice-Hall, 1971); Robert M. Henderson,
D. W. Griffith: His Life and Work
(Oxford University Press, 1972), ch. 9. 54–5

524–525
[Studios, Zukor, and block booking]:
Sklar, ch. 9; Lawrence Kardish,
Reel Plastic Magic: A History of Films and Filmmaking in America
(Little, Brown, 1972); Arthur Knight,
The Liveliest Art: A Panoramic History of the Movies
(New American Library, 1957), pp. 107–10.

525
[The Roxy]:
Lucinda Smith, “Introduction: Before the Final Curtain,” in Ave Pildas,
Movie Palaces
(Clarkson N. Potter, 1980), p. 14; sec also, Lloyd Morris,
Not So Long Ago
(Random House, 1949), pp. 187–90.

[United Artists]:
Gerald Mast,
A Short History of the Movies
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1976), p. 121.

525
[First generation of movie czars]:
Mast, p. 119; Lary I. May and Elaine Tyler May, “Why Jewish Movie Moguls: An Exploration in American Culture,”
American Jewish History,
vol. 72, no. 1 (September 1982), pp. 6–25.

526
[Mayer]:
Bosley Crowther,
Hollywood Rajah: The Life and Times of Louis B. Mayer
(Henry Holt, 1960).

[Zukor to Chaplin]:
quoted in May and May, p. 21.

[“The Home of the Stars”]:
Crowther, pp. 92–100; Knight, p. 109.

[Thalberg]:
Crowther, pp. 85–92, 102–4; Kevin Brownlow,
The Parade’s Gone By …
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), pp. 424–27.

[Film magazines]:
see Sinclair Lewis,
Babbitt
(Harcourt, Brace, 1922), p. 225.

[Hollywood scandals and censorship]:
Sklar, pp. 77–82, 122–32; Raymond Moley,
The Hays Office
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1945), ch. 1;
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio,
236
U.S.
230 (1915);
Mutual Film Corporation
v.
Hodges, Governor of the State of Kansas,
236 U.S. 248 (1915).

[Hollywood response to censorship threats]:
Sklar, pp. 82, 91–95; Moley, ch. 4 and pp. 240–41 (Appendix D); Knight, pp. 112–16.

527
[Hays]:
Moley, ch. 2; Sklar, pp. 83–85.

[Editor on sports selling papers]:
W. P. Beazell, quoted in Wayne M. Towers, “World Series Coverage in New York City in the 1920s,”
Journalism Monographs,
no. 73 (August 1981).

[Sports and the elites, nineteenth century]:
Benjamin G. Rader,
American Sports: From the Age of Folk Games to the Age of Spectators
(Prentice-Hall, 1983), ch. 3.

[Founding of sports clubs and unions]: ibid.,
pp. 47, 54.

[Conflict at the New York Athletic Club]: ibid,
p. 50.

528
[Women and sports]: ibid.,
pp. 164–69.

[Sports among the working classes]: ibid.,
pp. 30–35.

[Rader on the “sports revolution”]: ibid.,
pp. 46, 47.

[“Outsiders” and sports]: ibid.,
ch. 5, esp. pp. 90, 91–93, 96.

[The “age of the spectator”]: ibid.,
pp. 172–73.

[Grange]:
Geoffrey Perrett,
America in the Twenties
(Simon and Schuster, 1982), p. 212; Allison Danzig,
The History of American Football
(Prentice-Hall, 1956), pp. 259–61; W. C. Heinz, “The Ghost of the Gridiron,” in Herbert Warren Wind, ed.,
The Realm of Sport
(Simon and Schuster, 1966), pp. 315–23.

[Rockne]:
Perrett, p. 212; Rader, pp. 212–13; “ ‘Rock’ Is of the Ages,”
New Republic,
vol. 66, no. 854 (April 15, 1931), pp. 220–22.

529
[Tilden]:
Frank Deford,
Big Bill Tilden
(Simon and Schuster, 1976); Allison Danzig, “Tilden, Autocrat of the Courts,” in Wind, pp. 601–5; William T. Tilden,
The Art of LawnTennis
(Methuen, 1920).

[Jones]:
Perrett, pp. 220–23, quoted at p. 221.

[Ruth]:
Rader, pp. 177–82; Robert W. Creamer,
Babe
(Simon and Schuster, 1974); Babe Ruth and Bob Considine,
The Babe Ruth Story
(Scholastic Books, 1969); Red Smith, “Babe Ruth: One of a Kind,” in Smith,
The Red Smith Reader,
Dave Anderson, ed. (Random House, 1982), pp. 160–65.

[Technical changes in baseball]:
Towers, p. 2; Harold Seymour,
Baseball: The Golden Age
(Oxford University Press, 1971), ch. 3.

[Ruth’s 1920 season]:
Creamer, ch. 19; Perrett, p. 209.

[Walsh]:
Rader, pp. 181–92, quoted at p. 181; Creamer, pp. 271–74.

[Yankee attendance with Ruth]:
Perrett, p. 209; see also, “What Is Babe Ruth Worth to the Yankees?,”
Literary Digest,
vol. 104, no. 13 (March 29, 1930), pp. 38–42.

[Gate receipts and concessions, 1920s]:
Steven A. Riess,
Touching Base: Professional Baseball and American Culture in the Progressive Era
(Greenwood Press, 1980), p. 76.

[Yankee Stadium]: ibid.,
pp. 105–10; Creamer, pp. 276, 277–78.

[Ruth on “the chance”]:
Ruth and Considine, p. 9.

[Baseball and the “poor man”]:
Riess, pp. 30–38; Rader, pp. 128–29.

530
[Dempsey]:
Rader, pp. 186–93; Randy Roberts,
Jack Dempsey: The Manassa Mauler
(Louisiana State University Press, 1979).

[Dempsey and “paganism”]:
Dr. John Straton, quoted in Roberts, p. 127.

[Dempsey vs. Wiliard]:
Roberts, pp. 50–66.

[Rickard]:
Rader, pp. 186–93; Jack Kofoed, “The Master of Ballyhoo,”
North American Review,
vol. 227, no. 3 (March 1929), pp. 282–86.

530
[Dempsey’s non-boxing income]:
Roberts, ch. 10, esp. p. 202.

[Rickard’s denial of a fight to Wills]: ibid.,
pp. 141–48, 213–19.

[Tunney]: ibid.,
pp. 219–23; “Corbett to Tunney on ‘How to Win the Mob,’ ”
Literary Digest,
vol. 96, no. 2 (January 14, 1928), pp. 54–60; S. G. S. McNeil, “The Real Gene Tunney,”
North American Review,
vol. 226, no. 5 (November 1928), pp. 282–86.

[Dempsey-Tunney bouts]:
Roberts, chs. 11 and 12; Gene Tunney. “My Fights with Jack Dempsey,” in Wind, pp. 212–18.

531
[“/
have no alibis to offer”]:
Randy Roberts, “Jack Dempsey: An American Hero in the1920’s,”
Journal of Popular Culture,
vol. 8, no. 2 (Fall 1974). p. 422.

[Fights on the frontier and the plantations and in the livery stables]:
Radcr, pp. 33, 35–36.

[World Series scandal and Landis]:
Seymour, chs. 15–17 and ch. 19.

[Twenties crime wave as mythical]:
Perrett, pp. 397–401; Edwin H. Sutherland and C. E. Gehlke, “Crime and Punishment,” in
Recent Social Trends, op. cit.,
pp. 1123–39, 1165.

[The gangster-hero]:
see L. Glen Seretan, “The ‘New’ Working Class and Social Banditry in Depression America,”
Mid-America,
vol. 63, no. 2 (April–July 1981), pp. 107–17.

[Capone]:
Allen,
Only Yesterday, op. cit..
pp. 216–20; Perrett, pp. 393–97; John Kobler,
Capone
(Putnam’s, 1971).

532
[Dempsey as symbol]:
Roberts, “Jack Dempsey: An American Hero in the 1920’s,”
op. cit,
pp. 411–26.

[Mass spectatorship as diversion]:
see Joel H. Spring, “Mass Culture and School Sports,”
History of Education Quarterly,
vol. 14 (Winter 1974), pp. 483–99, esp. pp. 492–93.

[Welfare capitalism]:
Leo Wolman and Gustav Peck, “Labor Groups in the Social Structure,” in
Recent Social Trends, op. cit.,
pp. 843–47; Robert H. Zieger, “Herbert Hoover, the Wage-Earner, and the ‘New Economic System,’ 1919–1929,”
Business Historical Review,
vol. 51 (Summer 1977), pp. 161–89; David Brody, “The Rise and Decline of Welfare Capitalism,” in John Braeman et al., eds.,
Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America: The 1920’s
(Ohio State University Press, 1968), pp. 147–78.

[Young on employee ownership]:
quoted in Josephine Young Case and Everett Ncedham Case,
Owen D. Young and American Enterprise
(David R. Godine, 1982), p. 374.

533
[“Homo boobiens”]:
Mencken,
Notes on Democracy
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1926), p. 45. See also, Mencken, “On Being an American,” in Mencken,
Prejudices: Third Series
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1922), pp. 9–64.

[Mencken on public opinion]: Notes on Democracy,
p. 192.

[Mencken on the average man]: ibid.,
p. 148.

[Mencken on democracy]: ibid.,
p. 4 and
passim.

[Plato’s cave in Lippmann]:
Lippmann,
Public Opinion, op. cit.,
esp. ch. 1.

[Lippmann on the “false ideal”]:
Lippmann,
The Phantom Public
(Harcourt, Brace, 1925), pp. 38–39, quoted at p. 39.

[Mencken’s welcome to Lippmann]:
Mencken, “Katzenjammer” (review of
The Phantom Public), American Mercury,
vol. 7, no. 25 (January 1926), pp. 125–26.

[Lippmann on public support of Ins and Outs]: Phantom Public,
pp. 126, 127.

534
[Democratic party, 1920s]:
David Burner,
The Politics of Provincialism
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1968); James Sundquist,
Dynamics of the Party System
(Brookings Institution, 1973), ch. 9.

[Union membership, 1920s]
:
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, op. cit.,
part 1, p. 177 (Series D 940–945); Morton S. Baratz,
The Union and the Coal Industry
(Yale University Press, 1955), p. 61.

[AFL in the twenties]:
James O. Morris,
Conflict Within the AFL: A Study of Craft versus Industrial Unionism, 1901–1938
(Cornell University Press, 1958), chs. 1–5; Philip Taft,
The A.F. of L from the Death of Gompers to the Merger
(Harper & Bros., 1959).

[
Women’s politics in the 1920s]:).
Stanley Lemons,
The Woman Citizen
(University of Illinois Press, 1973).

535
[Leftist writers in the twenties]:
Daniel Aaron:
Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism
(Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961), chs. 4–7.

[Lewis]:
Mark Schorer,
Sinclair Lewis: An American Life
(McGraw-Hill, 1961).

535
[Kennicott on fiction and reality of small-town life]:
Lewis,
Main Street
(Hodder and Stoughton, 1920), p. 265.

[Lewis’s Nobel Prize address]:
reprinted in Lewis,
The Man from Main Street: Selected Essays and Other Writings, 1904–1950,
Harry E. Maule and Melville H. Cane, eds. (Random House, 1953), pp. 3–17. quoted at pp. 6–7.

[Reaction to Nobel address]:
Schorer, pp. 552–53.

536
[Time
review of
Gantry]: “Bible Boar,”
Time,
vol. 9, no. 11 (March 14, 1927), pp. 38–40, quoted at p. 38.

[Lippmann breach with Harcourt, Brace]:
Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1980), p. 260.

[Lippmann’s judgment of Lewis]:
Lippmann,
Men of Destiny
(Macmillan, 1927), ch. 7.

[Lewis-Dreiser feud]:
Schorer, pp. 561–64.

[Hicks on
Manhattan Transfer]: Hicks, “The Politics of John Dos Passos,”
Antioch Review,
vol. 10, no. 1 (March 1950), pp. 85–98, quoted at p. 89.

[Class and individual struggle in Dos Passos]:
Lionel Trilling, “The America of John Dos Passos,” in Trilling,
Speaking of Literature and Society,
Diana Trilling, ed. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p. 108.