American Experiment (272 page)

[Law clerk on Brandeis’s appearance]:
H. Thomas Austern, quoted in Strum, p. 358.

[Differences between Holmes and Brandeis]:
Strum, p. 317; see also Alpheus Thomas Mason,
Brandeis: A Free Man’s Life
(Viking Press, 1946), pp. 572–81.

507
[Hoover on individualism]:
Herbert Hoover,
American Individualism
(Doubleday, Page, 1922), p. 13; see also David Burner,
Herbert Hoover
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), pp. 139–42.

508
[Doubled industrial production]:
George J. Stigler,
Trends in Output and Employment
(National Bureau of Economic Research, 1947), p. 57 (Table A).

[Consumer spending]:
Robert S. Lynd and Alice C. Hanson, “The People as Consumers,” in The President’s Research Committee on Social Trends,
Recent Social Trends in the United States
(McGraw-Hill, 1933), pp. 857–911. Cf. Richard Wightman Fox, “Epitaph for Middletown: Robert S. Lynd and the Analysis of Consumer Culture,” in Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, eds.,
The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880–1980
(Pantheon Books, 1983), pp. 101–41.

[
YOU SHOULD HAVE $IO,OOO
]:
William E. Leuchtenburg,
The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932
(University of Chicago Press, 1958), p. 9.

[The Age of Ballyhoo]:
Frederick Lewis Allen,
Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920’s
(Perennial Library, 1964), pp. 68, 158–62, 186.

509
[Jazz]:
Gunther Schuller,
Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development
(Oxford UniversityPress, 1968); Marshall W. Stearns,
The Story of Jazz
(Oxford University Press, 1956);Lewis A. Erenberg,
Steppin’ Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930
(Greenwood Press, 1981), ch. 8.

[Mascagni on jazz]:
quoted in Mark Sullivan,
Our Times
(Scribner’s, 1926–35), vol. 6, p. 481.

[“The day of the saxophone”]: ibid.,
pp. 483–84.

[Whiteman on jazz]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 480.

[University president on twenties dress as Devil’s work]:
quoted in Allen, p. 76.

[Ponzi’s swindles]:
“Mr. Ponzi and His ‘Ponzied Finance,’ ”
Literary Digest,
vol. 66,, no. 8 (August 21, 1920), pp. 44–50.

[Blacks in the twenties ]:
Louise V. Kennedy,
The Negro Peasant Turns Cityward: Effects of Recent Migrations to Northern Cities
(Columbia University Press, 1930); T. J. Woofter, Jr., “The Status of Racial and Ethnic Groups,” in
Recent Social Trends,
pp. 553–601; Alain Locke, ed.,
The New Negro: An Interpretation
(Albert & Charles Boni, 1925), esp. part 2.

509
[The Klan in the twenties]:
Arnold S. Rice,
The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics
(Public Affairs Press, 1962), esp. ch. 2; David M. Chalmers,
Hooded Americanism: The First Century of the Ku Klux Klan,
1
86
5
–
1965
(Doubleday, 1965); Hiram W. Evans, “The Klan’s Fight for Americanism,”
North American Review,
vol. 233 (March 1926), pp. 33–63.

[Anti-red, anti-radical hysteria]:
Zechariah Chaffee, Jr.,
Free Speech in the United States
(Harvard University Press, 1941), pp. 269–354.

510
[Lindbergh]:
Charles A. Lindbergh,
The Spirit of St. Louis
(Scribner’s, 1953); Kenneth S. Davis,
The Hero: Charles Lindbergh and the American Dream
(Doubleday, 1959)

[Allen on Lindbergh]:
Allen, p. 183.

[Ward on Lindbergh’s flight]:
John W. Ward, “The Meaning of Lindbergh’s Flight,”
American Quarterly,
vol. 10, no. 1 (Spring 1958), pp. 3–16, quoted at p. 14.

[Coolidge on “this silent partner”]:
quoted in
ibid.
, p. 14.

511
[Elementary school curriculum]:
Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd,
Middletown: A Study in American Culture
(Harcourt, Brace, 1929), p. 189. See also, Edward A. Krug,
The Shaping of the American High School, 1920–1941
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1972), pp. 55–59.

[Lynds on the regimented classroom]:
Lynd and Lynd, p. 188.

[Declining percentage of male teachers]: ibid.,
p. 206, footnote 1; see also, Ernest C. Moore,
Fifty Years of American Education: 1867–1917
(Ginn, 1918), pp. 60–61

[Education and social status of teachers]:
Lynd and Lynd, ch. 15; Krug, pp. 147–54.

[High school enrollment, 1920s]:
U.S. Office of Education, “Biennial Survey of Education, 1930–1932,”
Bulletin,
1933, no. 2 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934), pp. 46–47, in Robert H. Bremner, ed.,
Children and Youth in America: A Documentary Survey
(Harvard University Press, 1970–71), vol. 2, parts 7 and 8, p. 1101.

511–12
[Krug on high school buildings]:
Krug, pp. 42–43.

512
[Two of every three teenagers not enrolled]: ibid.,
p. 7.

[Wild one on the “older generation”]:
John F. Carter, Jr., “These Wild Young People,”
Atlantic Monthly,
vol. 126, no. 3 (September 1920), pp. 301–4, quoted at p. 302.

[Search for scapegoats]:
Krug, pp. 21–24, University of Minnesota strictures against improper dancing quoted at p. 23; Paula S. Fass,
The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920’s
(Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 18–25; Joseph F. Kett,
Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present
(Basic Books, 1977), pp. 258–61; Jerome Leon Rodnitzky, “David Kinley: A Paternal President in the RoaringTwenties,
”Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,
vol. 66, no. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 5–19, esp. pp. 15–16.

[Van Waters on institutions in flux]:
quoted in Kett, p. 259.

[Educator on the “aim of today”]:
Charles A. Prosser, quoted in Krug, p. 4.

[“Americanization” in American schools]:
Bremner, vol. 2, parts 7 and 8, pp. 1324–36.

513
[The emphases of history and social studies in Muncie]:
Lynd and Lynd, pp. 196–201, quoted at p. 199.

[Mellon on a solid education]:
quoted in Krug, p. 19.

[Ellis’s plea to make “modern life comprehensible”]: ibid.,
p. 82.

[New York educators on textbooks’ point of view]: ibid;
see also, E. E. Brossard, ed.,
Wisconsin Statutes,
I, 432 (1921), in Bremner, vol. 2, parts 7 and 8, pp. 1330–31.

[Fass on the “teasing image”]:
Fass, pp. 6, 7.

[College students, 1920s]: ibid., passim:
Kett, pp. 261–64; Joan C. Zimmerman, “College Culture in the Midwest, 1890–1930” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1978), pp. 252–56.

514
[Rise in college attendance, 1920s]:
Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), part 2, p. 386 (Series H 751–765).

[Trinity College editor on “self-centered residents of Main Street”]:
quoted in Fass, p. 365.

[Fraternities, 1920s]: ibid,
pp. 141–67, 235–36; Lawrence R. Veysey,
The Emergence of the American University
(University of Chicago Press, 1965), pp. 292–94.

[Student reading, 1920s]:
Fass, p. 365.

[“George F.... is going to college”]:
quoted in
ibid.

[Studen tpoll, 1924]: ibid.,
pp. 343–45.

[
UCLA editor on the “political minded”]:
quoted in
ibid,
p. 355.

515
[Cornell editor on “the panic”]: ibid.,
p. 349.

[“Largest private educational system”]:
Winthrop S. Hudson,
Religion in America
(Scribner’s, 1965), p. 396.

[Hudson on decline of Protestantism in 1920s]: ibid.,
quoted at p. 357; Robert T. Handy, “The American Religious Depression, 1925–1935,”
Church History,
vol. 29, no. 1 (March 1960), pp. 3–16.

[Applications for foreign missionary service]:
Sydney E. Ahlstrom,
A Religious History of the American People
(Yale University Press, 1972), p. 899.

516
[Ahlstrom on the “thinning out of evangelical substance”]: ibid

[“Merchandising” of religion]:
Hudson, pp. 375–76,
Zion’s Herald
on minister as salesman and Lewis S. Mudge on “the only business of the Church,” quoted at p. 375; slogans and sermon topics, quoted at pp. 375–76. See also Ahlstrom, pp. 904–5.

[Barton]:
Leo P. Ribuffo, “Jesus Christ as Business Statesman: Bruce Barton and the Selling of Corporate Capitalism,”
American Quarterly,
vol. 33, no. 2 (Summer 1981), pp. 206–31; Otis Pease, “Bruce Barton,” in John A. Garraty, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Biography
(Harper & Row, 1974), pp. 62–63.

[Pease on
The Man Nobody Knows]: Pease, p. 62.

[Fundamentalist militancy of twenties]:
Ahlstrom, p. 909. See also, W. B. Riley, “The Faith of the Fundamentalists,”
Current History,
vol. 26, no. 3 (June 1927), pp. 434–40, reprinted in Loren Baritz, ed.,
The Culture of the Twenties
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1970), pp. 191–201.

517
[Sunday]:
William G. McLoughlin, Jr.,
Billy Sunday Was His Real Name
(University of Chicago Press, 1955); McLoughlin,
Modern Revivalism: Charles Grandison Finney to Billy Graham
(Ronald Press, 1959), ch. 8.

[“Hireling” ministers]:
quoted in McLoughlin,
Modern Revivalism,
p. 410.

[$2 a soul]:
McLoughlin,
Billy Sunday,
ch. 3, esp. p. 116.

[McPherson ]:
Lately Thomas,
Storming Heaven: The Lives and Turmoils of Minnie Kennedy and Aimee Semple McPherson
(William Morrow, 1970); Sheldon Bissell, “Vaudeville at the Angelus Temple,”
The Outlook,
vol. 149 (May 23, 1928), pp. 126–27, 158, reprinted in Baritz, pp. 201–9; Carrie McWilliams, “Aimee Semple McPherson: ‘Sunlight in My Soul,’” in Isabel Leighton, ed.,
The Aspirin Age
(Simon and Schuster, 1949), ch. 3.

[Rival minister on McPherson]:
Bissell, p. 209.

[Scopes trial]:
Ray Ginger,
Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes
(Beacon Press, 1958); James W. Wesolowski, “Before Canon 35: WGN Broadcasts the Monkey Trial,”
Journalism History,
vol. 2, no. 3 (1975), pp. 76–79, 86.

[Bryan’s death]:
Ginger, p. 192.

[Scopes as commercial venture]:
see R. M. Cornelius, “Their Stage Drew All the World: A New Look at the Scopes Evolution Trial,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly,
vol. 40, no. 2 (1981), pp. 129–43.

518
[Press coverage of murder trials]:
Silas Bent,
Ballyhoo: The Voice of the Press
(Boni & Liveright, 1927).pp. 192—95, quoted at p. 194.

[Rising costs of newspaper production]:
Frank Luther Mott,
American Journalism
(Macmillan, 1941), p. 674; Robert A. Rutland,
The Newsmongers: Journalism in the Life of the Nation, 1690–1072
(Dial Press, 1973), pp. 254–55.

[Lippmann on the price of newspapers]:
Lippmann,
Public Opinion
(Harcourt, Brace, 1922), p. 321.

[Proportion of ads in metropolitan papers]:
Bent, p. 214.

[Tripled cost of advertising]:
Mott, p. 712.

518–19
[Ad slogans]: ibid.,
pp. 505, 712,713.

[Newspaper features]:
Bent, pp. 227–30.

[Bent on newspaper offerings]:
ibid
,
pp. 197–98.

[Comic strips]
Stephen Becker,
Comic Art in America
(Simon and Schuster, 1959), ch. 3, quoted at p. 54; Emest Brennecke, “The Real Mission of the Funny Paper,”
The Century,
vol. 107, no. 5 (March 1924), pp. 665–75.

[“Only the good have rights”]:
Becker, pp. 64–67, quoted at p. 66.

[Newspaper consolidation]:
Mott, ch. 37; Bent, ch. 10.

520
[Munsey]:
Mott, pp. 637–40; George Britt,
Forty Years
—
Forty Millions: The Career of Frank A. Munsey
(Farrar & Rinchart, 1935).

[Munsey on the “law of economics”]:
quoted in Bent, p. 260.

[Sinclair on the “Brass Check”]:
Sinclair,
The Brass Check
(Upton Sinclair, 1920), p. 436.

[Lippmann on the
Times
’s coverage of the Russian Revolution]:
Lippmann and Charles Mertz, “A Test of the News,”
The New Republic,
vol. 33, no. 296 (August 4, 1920), supplement, pp. 1–41, quoted at p. 3.

[Lippmann on the press as the “beam of a searchlight”]: Public Opinion,
pp. 364–65, quoted at p. 364.

[Industrialhation of news-gathering]:
Cathy Covert, “A View of the Press in the Twenties,”
Journalism History,
vol. 2, no. 3 (1975). pp. 66–67, 92–96, quoted at pp. 92–93.

521
[Decline of partisan papers]:
Alfred M. Lee,
The Daily Newspaper in America
(Macmillan, 1937), p. 182. See also, Silas Bent, “Partisanship in the Press,”
The New Republic,
vol. 56, no. 720 (September 19, 1928), pp. 116–18.

[Publicity agents]:
Michael Schnudson,
Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers
(Basic Books, 1978), pp. 134–41.

[Lippmann on shaping “the facts of modern life”]: Public Opinion,
p. 345.

[Rise of syndicated columnists]:
Schnudson. pp. 150–51; Mott, pp. 689–94.

[Founding of
Time]: W. A. Swanbcrg,
Luce and His Empire
(Scribner’s, 1972), pp. 52–56. The prospectus is reprinted at pp. 53–54 See also, Schnudson, p. 149.