American Experiment (277 page)

and “compact majority,”
499
,
503

and impeachment,
55

Radical Republicans and,
51
,
54

Roosevelt (T.) and,
352

and Treaty of Versailles ratification,
468

Chesnut, Mary,
12
,
30

Cheyenne Indians,
149–50

Chicago:

black population of,
136
,
247

housing in,
253

Hull-House,
270
,
275–6

industrialization of,
248

Italian immigrants and
padroni
in,
258

plan to re-design,
271

Pullman’s model city near,
141–2
,
227

stockyards in,
111

upper classes in,
113–14
,
119

World’s Columbian Exposition (1893) at,
271
,
287

Chickamauga (Ga.), battle of,
12

Child, Lydia Maria,
62
,
217

children:

in labor force: and school attendance,
512
; Supreme Court and,
489
; wages of,
140
; Wilson and,
418
,
419

urban conditions of,
137–9

China, and U.S.,
400–2
,
405
,
495

trade relations,
498

Chinese immigrants:
ca.
1900,
247

as railroad builders,
94
; strike for pay increase,
95–6

in San Francisco,
100–1

Choate, Joseph,
269

Christie, Howard Chandler,
439

churches, Protestant,
515–17

and Smith’s presidential candidacy,
502–3

Churchill, Winston,
288

Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer,
408

Cigarmakers International Union,
174
,
178

cities:

beautification of,
271

buildings and architecture in,
251–2

conditions in,
255–62
; for blacks,
147–8
; for immigrants,
247
; progressives and,
245–6
; reform efforts and,
266–75
; upward mobility,
259
; for working class,
136–41

elites of,
113–19

industrialization of,
247–9
; implacability of,
271–2
,
274
,
289
; specialized,
248

leadership in,
263–9
,
272–4

migration to, from rural areas,
136–7
,
149
,
197
,
247
,
431

of Ohio,
196–7

parks and recreational areas in,
254

party bosses in,
263–5

population growth of,
247

reformers and,
266–75

transport in,
250–1

turn of the century,
249–55

water supply for,
253–4

City Beautiful movement,
271

Civil Rights Act (1866),
49

Civil Rights Act (1875),
66
,
203

Civil War,
6–36
passim

battles,
see
battles, of Civil War

cost of,
17–18

economic conditions and development

in,
15–16
,
17–18
,
19–20

end of,
34–6

naval aspects of,
9
,
29
,
34

soldiers’ life in,
21–8
; camp life,
23–4
; food,
23
; prisoners,
27–8
; wounded,
25

strategy, military and economic:

Northern,
6–7
,
12
; Southern,
7
,
11
transport in,
16–17

war supplies and production in,
15–16

Claflin, Victoria,
see
Woodhull, Victoria Claflin

Clark, Champ (James Beauchamp),
369
,
446

classes (social) and class system,
111–51

Aristotle on,
142

and democracy,
192

disparity among,
140
,
142–3

farmers,
127–36

fortified by industrial cities,
262

middle,
142–3
; women of,
119–27

relations among,
141
; in Bellamy’s
Equality
,
165–6

in sports,
527–8

upper,
113–19

war between, feared,
224

working,
see
workers

Clayton Antitrust Act,
389

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty,
337

“Cleburne demands,”
190

Clemenceau, Georges,
450–1
,
456

Clemens, Samuel Langhome,
see
Twain, Mark

Cleveland, Ohio,
196
,
197
,
273–4

Cleveland, Grover:

death of (1908),
367

economic conservatism of,
206

as President: economic policy,
226
,
228
; election of (1892),
210–11
; foreign policy of,
221
; and tariff reduction,
213
,
226

Cleveland, Henry W. S.,
254

coal industry,
78
,
333
,
490

Cochran, Thomas C,
87

Coletta, Paolo,
414

college students (1920s),
513–15

Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893),
271
,
287

combinations, industrial,
106–7
,
390
,
481

see also
antitrust movement; monopoly

Committee on Public Information,
439

“Commonweal Army of Christ,”
226

Communist Manifesto
(Marx and Engels),
75
,
90
,
174
,
259
,
308

Communist Party,
501
,
552
,
557

communitarianism,
167
,
173

“compact” majority,
see
majority, compact

competition:

American faith in,
216
,
217

Brandeis on,
392

vs.
combination (Rockefeller on),
106–7

industrialists and,
162

Marx on,
82

see also
antitrust movement; monopoly

Comstock, Anthony,
126
,
288–9

“Comstock” law (1873),
123

concentration of power:

economic: Brandeis on,
392
; as challenge to democracy,
389–95
,
532–8
; Croly on,
393
; Progressive Party on,
374
; Roosevelt (T.) and,
331–3
,
349–52
; Wilson and,
389–91

political: Founding Fathers and,
487–8
,
499
; Republican (20th century),
487–91
,
499
,
503
,
558
; in Supreme Court,
506

Confederate Army,
14–15
,
22–23
,
29

surrender of,
35
,
36

Confederate Congress,
14
,
18

Confederate States of America:

amnesty and oaths for,
46
,
65
,
70

cost of war to,
17

defeat and dissolution of,
34–6

economic conditions in,
15–16
,
17–18

foreign recognition of,
31–2

military strategy of,
7
,
11

morale of,
12
,
22–3
,
29

war production in,
16

Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA),
500

Congressional Government
(Wilson),
386

Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage,
445

Conkling, Roscoe,
204

conscription, military:

in Civil War,
14–15
,
23

in World War 1,
427–8

Constitution (U.S.),
44
,
299–301

see also
Amendments to U.S. Constitution

consumers and consumerism,
281

Conwell, Russell,
159

Cooke, Jay,
88–9
,
198

Coolidge, Calvin:

character and personality of,
485
,
492

and Lindbergh,
510

nominated as Vice-President,
473

as President: accession,
492
; and business,
487
; economic policy of,
491

Cooper, John Milton,
422

Cooper, Peter,
208

Cooper, Thomas,
82

cooperatives, agricultural,
183
,
188–9

“Copperheads,”
8
,
33

copper mining,
86–7

corruption,
265
,
266–7
,
268

in sports,
531

Cortelyou, George,
350

cotton,
131
,
133
,
134–5

courts, military,
49
,
54

cowhands,
148–9

Cox, Jacob,
198

Cox, James,
469
,
473–4
,
553

Coxey, Jacob,
226

Crédit Mobilier scandal,
93

Creel, George,
439
,
448–9

crime (1920s),
531
,
549

Crocker, Charles,
95–6

Croly, Herbert,
392–3
,
419

Cromwell, William,
338
,
339

crop lien system,
135–6
,
181
,
189

Crozier, Gen. William,
427

Cuba,
219
,
220
,
403

war of independence,
235–40

Cubism,
311
,
312

Cumbler, John,
137

Curie, Marie,
290

currency:

Civil War period,
18

1870s,
213–14

1890s,
228

populists and (subtreasury plan),
187
,
188
,
189

Custer, George Armstrong,
218–19

Czolgosz, Leon,
241

Dallek, Robert,
343

Dana, Charles A.,
169

Dana, Richard Henry,
32

Daniels, Josephus,
385

Darrow, Clarence,
276
,
517

Darwin, Charles,
157

Darwinism, Social:

businessmen and,
162

Gompers and,
180

popularity of,
159

pragmatism and,
297

Republican party and,
503

Roosevelt (T.) and,
326
,
340–1

Spencerism,
157–8

and workers,
173

Daugherty, Harry,
471
,
472–3
,
490
,
491–2
,
493

Davenport, Thomas,
83

David, Henry,
178

Davis, Allen,
277

Davis, David,
175
,
201

Davis, Jefferson,
29

Adams (C. F.) on,
vs.
Lincoln,
32

on Confederacy,
12
,
36

Johnson and,
52

military strategy of,
7

Davis, John W.,
500
,
553

Dawes, Charles,
491
,
497

Dawes Act (1887),
217

Debs, Eugene,
227
,
283
,
332
,
397

as presidential candidate: 1904,
368
; 1912,
368
,
370–1
,
372
,
374
,
377
,
383

tried for sedition,
440–1
; Supreme Court on,
504

Declaration of Independence,
173

De Leon, Daniel,
173
,
283
,
396
,
397

Delmonico’s (restaurant),
90
,
161–2
,
211

del Ray, Joaquin,
239

democracy:

Adams (H.) on,
192

Brandeis on,
392

and economic concentration,
391
,
392

industrial,
392
,
421

Weyl on,
394

Whitman (W.) on,
192

Wilson
vs.
Roosevelt on,
373–4

Democracy
(Adams),
169
,
192
,
194

Democracy, the,
see
Democratic party Democratic party:

conservatism (economic) of,
206

conventions of: 1864,
33
; 1896,
229–31
; 1912,
369–70
; 1916,
420
; 1920,
473–4
; 1924,
499–500
; 1932,
554–5

differences and divisions within: 19
^th
century,
206–7
; 20th century,
366–8
,
500
; in Depression,
553–4

Republican rivalry,
205–6
,
227–8
,
233

in South: dominance of,
67
,
366–7
; andHayes election (1876),
201–2
; 1920s,
553
; and populists,
187–8

weakness of, as “loyal opposition,”
503
,
534
,
553–4