American Experiment (270 page)

[Break between Wilson and House]: ibid.,
pp. 334–35, 347–48; see also George and George, ch. 13.

[House on distance from Wilson]:
quoted in George and George, p. 266.

[Lenin’s peace offer]:
Farnsworth, pp. 40–54.

[Nicolson’s response to Bullitt]: ibid.,
p. 54.

[Unilateral American withdrawal from Russia]:
Long, pp. 65–67.

[Wilson’s compromises]:
Fleming, pp. 179–87; Mee, part 4.

[Lodge’s reaction]:
Lodge to Henry White, April 30, 1919, Henry White Papers, Box 53, Lodge Papers.

457
[Wilson’s address to the Senate]:
Fleming,
op. cit.,
pp. 235–37; Arthur S. Link,
WoodrowWilson: Revolution, War, and Peace
(Harlan Davidson, 1979), p. 107.

[Efforts of the League to Enforce Peace]:
Bartlett,
op. cit.,
ch. 5; Henry F. Pringle,
The Life and Times of William Howard Taft
(Farrar & Rinehart, 1939), vol. 2, ch. 49.

[Newspapers on the Monroe Doctrine and the League]:
James D. Startt, “Early Press Reaction to Wilson’s League Proposal,
” Journalism Quarterly,
vol. 39 (Summer 1962), pp. 301–8, quoted at pp. 302, 304; John A. Aman, “Views of Three Iowa Newspapers on the League of Nations; 1919–1920,”
Iowa Journal of History and Politics,
vol. 39 (July 1941), pp. 227–85, quoted at p. 256.

[New York and Baltimore papers on the League]:
quoted in Startt, pp. 303, 304.

458
[Register
on “an armed America”]:
quoted in Aman, p. 251.

[Literary Digest
poll]:
Fleming, pp. 218–20; Startt, pp. 307–8.

[Public campaign against the League]:
Fleming, pp. 208–11.

[Sun
on the “Washington Doctrine”]:
quoted in Aman, p. 229.

[Lodge on the only votes being in the Senate]:
quoted in Garraty,
op. cit.,
p. 370.

459
[Agreement between Borah and Lodge]: ibid,
pp. 362–63; see also Ralph Stone,
The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations
(University of Kentucky Press, 1970), pp.90–93; see also Lodge to Frank B. Kellogg, May 28, 1919; Kellogg to Lodge, May 31,1919, Lodge Papers, Box 51.

[Lodge’s partisan motives for opposing Wilson]:
William C. Widenor,
Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy
(University of California Press, 1980), ch. 8; see also Garraty, ch. 20; George and George,
op. cit.,
pp. 269–70.

[Lodgeon Wilson]:
Lodge to Theodore Roosevelt (n.d., but evidently 1916 or early 1917); Lodge to Mrs. Winthrop Chanler, August 18, 1919; Lodge to Andrew A. West, August 22, 1919, all in Lodge Papers, Boxes 86, 49, 51, respectively.

460
[Hate-mongering against the League]:
see Thomas A. Bailey,
The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy
(Macmillan, 1948), pp. 110, 210.

461
[Wilson’s legislative strategy]:
Kurt Wimer, “Woodrow Wilson Tries Conciliation: An Effort That Failed,”
The Historian,
vol. 25, no. 4 (August 1963), pp. 419–38.

461
[Wilson’s flexibility]: ibid.,
p. 419; see in general Woodrow Wilson Papers, Reels 157–58 (1919), Library of Congress.

[Wilson perplexed by opposition to the treaty]:
Wilson to Thomas Lamont, August 1,8, 1919. quoted in Wimer, p. 425.

462
[Pittman motion]: ibid.,
pp. 432–33.

463
[Wilson’s tour of the country]:
Grayson,
op. cit.,
ch. 14; Gene Smith,
When the CheeringStopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson
(William Morrow, 1964), ch. 5.

[“I have long chafed at confinement”]:
quoted in Smith, p. 62.

[Soldiers never having to cross the seas again]: ibid.

[“America was not founded to make money “]: ibid.,
p. 64.

464
[Opposition of clergyman and socialist (Victor Berger) to the treaty]: ibid.,
p. 66.

[Attacks by Johnson and Reed]: ibid.,
pp. 69–70.

[Bullitt’s testimony against the League]:
Farnsworth,
op. cit.,
pp. 58–63, quoted at p. 62; see also Lodge to Henry White, October 2, 1919, Henry White Papers, Lodge Papers.

[Wilson on public being misled]:
quoted in Link, p. 114.

464–65
[Defense of Article 10]: ibid.,
p. 115.

[Wilson’s prophecy]: ibid.,
p. 118.

[Failure of the tour]:
see James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), p. 140.

[Wilson’s illness]:
Weinstein,
op. cit.,
ch. 21; Smith, chs. 6–7.

[Lodge reservation to Article 10]:
quoted in Link, p. 123.

465–66
[Wilson on Lodge’s reservation]:
quoted in Grayson, pp. 102–3.

466
[Final vote on the League]:
see tables in W. Stull Holt, “Playing Politics with the League,”in Ralph A. Stone, ed.,
Wilson and the League of Nations
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1967), pp. 27–35.

[Doctor on stroke as decisive factor in League defeat]:
Weinstein, pp. 362–63.

467
[Wilson’s psychological makeup]:
see Sigmund Freud and William C. Bullitt,
Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study
(Houghton Mifflin, 1967); George and George; Jerrold M. Post, “Woodrow Wilson Re-examined: The Mind-Body Controversy Redux andOther Disputations,”
Political Psychology,
vol. 4, no. 2 (June 1983), pp. 289–306, plus following comments by Weinstein, the Georges, and Michael Marmor; Robert C.Tucker, “The Georges’ Wilson Reexamined: An Essay on Psychobiography,”
American Political Science Review,
vol. 71, no. 2 (June 1977), pp. 606–18.

[
Wilson’s neglect of party politics]:
see Burns,
Deadlock of Democracy,
pp. 142–47.

[Wilson’s desire for glory]:
Tucker, p. 617.

[Graduate school controversy]:
George and George, esp. ch. 2.

468
[Wilson’s call for a referendum]:
Richard L. Merritt, “Woodrow Wilson and the ‘Great and Solemn Referendum,’ 1920,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 27, no. 1 (January 1965), pp. 78–104, quoted at p. 97.

[
Wilson’s views on relationship of leaders to citizens in a democracy]:
Woodrow Wilson, “Cabinet Government in the United States,”
International Review
(August 1879), pp. 146–63; Wilson,
Congressional Government
(Houghton Mifflin, 1885); Wilson,
Constitutional Government in the United States
(Columbia University Press, 1908); A.J. Wann, “The Development of Woodrow Wilson’s Theory of the Presidency: Continuity and Change,” in Earl Latham, ed..
The Philosophy and Policies of Woodrow Wilson
(University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 46–66.

[Wilson on
“representative
government”]:
“Cabinet Government in the United States,” p. 147.

[
“Disintegrate ministry”]: Congressional Government,
p. 102.

469
[Lansing on absurdity of referendum call]:
quoted in Merrill, pp. 99–100.

[America in 1920]:
Robert K. Murray,
The Harding Era
(University of Minnesota Press, 1969), ch. 3.

[Stedman on Europe in chaos]:
Seymour Stedman, “Nine Steps to a New Age,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 3, p. 2434.

[Wilson’s warning to Palmer]:
quoted in Smith,
op. cit.,
p. 155.

469
[Wilson in 1920]: ibid.,
chs. 9–10.

470
[Republican party leadership, 1920]:
Wesley M. Bagby,
The Road to Normalcy
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1962), ch. 1.

[The four-party system in 1920]:
Burns,
Deadlock of Democracy, op. cit.,
chs. 6–7.

471
[Editor and Senator Harding]:
Murray, pp. 5–18; Francis Russell,
The Shadow of Blooming Grove
(McGraw-Hill, 1968).

[Harding on his own inadequacies as leader]:
Russell, pp. 313–15, Harding quoted at p. 313.

472
[The “smoke-filled room”]: ibid.,
ch. 15; Murray, ch. 1; Bagby, ch. 3; William Allen White,
Masks in a Pageant
(Macmillan, 1928), ch. 36.

[“Footless conversation”]:
Sen. James Wadsworth, quoted in Russell, p. 380.

[Russell on convention leaders and dark horses]: ibid.,
p. 381.

[Dougherty’s prediction]:
quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 341–42.

473
[Harding campaign]: ibid.,
pp. 397–416; Bagby, ch. 5.

[Democratic convention]:
Donald R. McCoy, “Election of 1920,” in Schlesinger, vol. 3, pp. 2361–66; Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal
(Little, Brown, 1954), ch. 4.

474
[Cox-Wilson exchange]:
quoted in Freidel, p. 74.

[Cox campaign]:
Bagby, ch. 5; James M. Cox,
Journey Through My Years
(Simon and Schuster, 1946), chs. 21–24.

[Presidential election results, 1920]:
Schlesinger, vol. 3, p. 2456.

475
[Wilson viewing the film]:
Baker,
American Chronicle, op. cit.,
pp. 481–82.

479
[Ford works]:
Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(Scribner’s, 1957), ch. 11, John Van Deventer quoted on efficiency of work units at p. 288.

480
[Thought and motion in mass production]:
Henry Ford,
My Life and Work
(Garden City Publishing, 1922), p. 80. On Ford’s views see also, Henry Ford,
My Philosophy of Industry
(Coward-McCann, 1929); Ralph H. Graves,
The Triumph of an Idea
(Doubleday, Doran, 1934).

[Edison to Ford on slowing down]:
quoted in William C. Richards,
The Last Billionaire
(Scribner’s, 1948), p. 378.

[The Ford legend]:
Nevins and Hill, pp. 607–13.

481
[Five dollars a day]:
Keith Sward,
The Legend of Henry Ford
(Rinehart, 1948), ch. 4.

[Creating Rouge]:
Nevins and Hill, ch. 8.

[Sites of branch plants]: ibid.,
p. 256.

[Ford’s Sociological Department]:
Stephen Meyer, “Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914–1921,”
Journal of Social History,
vol. 14, no. 1 (Fall 1980), pp. 67–82, quoted at pp. 70, 71; Allan Nevins,
Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company
(Scribner’s, 1954), pp. 551–63, Edgar Guest verse quoted at p. 552; Stephen Meyer,
The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921
(State University of New York Press, 1981), esp. ch. 6.

482
[Ford official on observance of “American” holidays]:
quoted in Meyer, “Adapting the Immigrant,” p. 74.

[Ford as transforming leader]:
William Greenleaf, “Henry Ford,” in John A. Garraty, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Biography
(Harper & Row, 1974), p. 369.

483
[Ford in politics]:
Nevins and Hill, pp. 114–22.

[Ford’s anti-Semitism]:
Leo P. Ribuffo, “Henry Ford and
The International Jew,” American Jewish History,
vol. 69, no. 3 (March 1980), pp. 437–77; Upton Sinclair,
The Flivver King
(Upton Sinclair, 1937), pp. 118–28.

[Tribune
suit]:
Nevins and Hill, pp. 129–42.

[Ford’s personality]:
Ann Jardim,
The First Henry Ford
(MIT Press, 1970); Samuel S. Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
(Little, Brown, 1923).

[Ford and decentralization]:
John Robert Mullin, “Henry Ford and Field and Factory,”
Journal of the American Planning Association,
vol. 48 (Autumn 1982), pp. 419–31; Nevins and Hill, pp. 227–30.

483
[Ford’s associates]:
Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(W. W. Norton, 1956); Nevins and Hill, pp. 11–17, 167–70, 269–78.

[Fitzgerald on Ford]:
quoted in Greenleaf, p. 370.

484
[The 1920s in retrospect]:
Henry F. May, “Shifting Perspectives on the 1920’s,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
vol. 43, no. 3 (December 1956), pp. 405–27; Burl Noggle, “The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 53, no. 2 (September 1966), pp. 299–314. For general accounts, see William E. Leuchtenburg,
The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–32
(University of Chicago Press, 1958); David A. Shannon,
Between the Wars, 1919–1941
(Houghton Mifflin, 1965); George Soule,
Prosperity Decade
(Rinehart, 1947); Ellis W. Hawley,
The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order
(St. Martin’s Press, 1979).

485
[Coolidge’s pledge to adhere to Harding policies]:
Robert K. Murray,
The Politics of Normalcy
(W. W. Norton, 1973), p. 131.

[Murray on Coolidge able to be the President Harding wanted to be]: ibid,
p. 143.

[Harding Administration]:
Robert K. Murray,
The Harding Era
(University of Minnesota Press, 1969); Leuchtenburg, ch. 5; Soule; Eugene P. Trani and David L. Wilson,
The Presidency of Warren G. Harding
(Regents Press of Kansas, 1977).
[Mellon]:
Andrew W. Mellon,
Taxation: The People’s Business
(Macmillan, 1924); Allan Nevins, “Andrew William Mellon,” in Robert L. Schuyler, ed.,
Dictionary of American Biography,
vol. 22, supplement 2 (Scribner’s, 1958), pp. 446–52; Harvey O’Connor,
Mellon’s Millions
(John Day, 1933).