Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia (37 page)

‘
one bedraggled female who said she was American
’: Fenby,
The Penguin History of Modern China
, p. 147.

‘
In
1939
he even responded
’: Ernest G. Heppner,
Shanghai Refuge: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 45.

‘
The Han Chinese
’: Nicholas Tapp and Don Cohn,
The Tribal Peoples of Southwest China: Chinese Views of the Other Within
(Bangkok: White Lotus, 2003), pp. 11–18; see also Frank Dikotter,
The Discourse of Race in China
(London: Hurst, 1992), pp. 66–86.

‘
For a while
’: Chien Chiao and Nicholas Tapp (eds),
Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups in China
(Hong Kong: New Asia College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989).

‘
Direct rule
’: For a sympathetic view of the Chinese take-over of Norsu areas, see Alan Winnington,
The Slaves of the Cool Mountains
(London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1959), pp. 13–125. For his view on the Wa in early post-Communist China, Winnington, ibid., pp. 124–74. See also Erik Mueggler,
The Age of Wild Ghosts: Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Stephen Harrell, ‘The History of the History of the Yi’, in Stephen Harrell (ed.),
Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers (Studies on Ethnic Groups in China)
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006).

‘
The Cultural Revolution
’: Goodman,
The Exploration of Yunnan
, p. 214.

‘
In the town
’: David Atwill,
The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China,
1856–1873 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005), p. 15.

‘
There were two aims
’: On regional economic integration initiatives, see C. Patterson Giersch, ‘From Golden Triangle to Economic Quadrangle: Evaluating Economic Development Schemes From A Historical Perspective’,
www.ciaonet.org/wps/gpc01/gpc01.html
; Thakur, Ravni, ‘The Chinese Perspectives on the Kunming Initiative (BCIM): A Review of Recently Published Literatures’,
www.ceniseas.org/newasia/ravnipaper.doc
; ‘The Kunming Initiative for a Growth Quadrangle between China, India, Myanmar and Bangladesh’,
China Report
, 14–17 August 1999, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2000.

‘
Around the time
’: Malcolm Moore, ‘China corruption trial exposes capital of graft’,
Daily Telegraph
, 17 October 2009.

‘
the worst drought
’: William Chang, ‘Will China Run Out of Water: The Country is Facing a once-in-a-century drought’,
Forbes
, 9 April 2010; Patrick Chovanec, ‘Here’s What You Need To Know About The Devastating Drought In China’s Shangri-La Region’,
Business Insider
, 9 April 2010.

‘
Southern Silk Road
’: See also Clifford Coonan, ‘Silk Road back on map as China extends bullet train network’,
Irish Times
, 17 April 2010; Ananth Krishnan, ‘China plans S-E Asia rail links’,
The Hindu
, 23 November 2010.

Gandhara

‘
In the ninth
’: Fan Cho,
Man Shu: Book of the Southern Barbarians,
trans. Gordon Luce, Cornell Data Paper Number 44, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University (Ithaca, NY, December 1961), pp. 90–1.

‘
From Dali
’: On Nanzhao, see Charles Backus,
The Nan-chao Kingdom and T’ang China’s Southwestern Frontier
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); see also Christopher Beckwith,
The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), especially chapter 6.

‘20,000
suits of armour
’: Beckwith,
The Tibetan Empire
, p. 157.

‘
The kings of Dali
’: Angela F. Howard, ‘The Dharani Pillar of Kunming’,
Artibus Asiae
, Vol. 57, No. 1/2 (1997), pp. 33–72.

‘
storehouses filled, and sixteen thousand dancing girls
’: Upendra Thakur,
History of Mithila
(Darbhanga: Mithila Institute of PostGraduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, 1956), p. 25.

‘
A variety
’: On Buddhism in China, see Edward Conze,
Buddhism: A Short History
(Oxford: OneWorld Publications, 1980), pp. 52–60, 99–103; Noble Ross Reat,
Buddhism: A History
(Fremont, CA: Jain Publishing, 1994), pp. 133–64; Andrew Skilton,
A Concise History of Buddhism
(Birmingham: Windhorse Publications, 1994), pp. 165–74.

‘
The creation
’: ‘China’s Han Flock to Theme Parks Featuring Minorities’,
New York Times
, 24 February 2010.

‘
Though the invasion
’: Jiangping Wang, ‘Concord and Conflict: The Hui Communities of Yunnan Society in a Historical Perspective’,
Lund Studies in African and Asian Religions
, Volume 11 (Lund: Lund University, 1996), pp. 42–52.

‘
In their place
’: John D. Lanlois Jr., ‘The Hung-Wu Reign, 1368–1398’, in Frederick W. Mote et al. (eds),
The Cambridge History of China: The Ming dynasty,
1368–1644,
Part
1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 130–9.

‘
Yunnan’s population
’: James Lee, ‘Food Supply and Population Growth in Southwest China, 1250–1850’,
Journal of Asian Studies
, 41:4 (1982), p. 729.

‘
Conflict between
’: On the Panthay rebellion, see David Atwill, ‘Blinkered Visions: Islamic Identity, Hui Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856–1873’,
Journal of Asian Studies
, 62:4 (2003); see also C. Patterson Giersch, ‘A Motley Throng, Social Change on Southwest China’s Early Modern Frontier, 1700–1880’,
Journal of Asian Studies
, 60:1 (2001).

‘
a gargantuan civil war
’: Jonathan D. Spence,
God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1996).

Shangri-La

‘
Until the communist
’: On the Naxi, see Charles F. McKhann, ‘The Naxi and the Nationalities Question’, in Stephen Harrell (ed.),
Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers (Studies on Ethnic Groups in China)
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006); William Safran,
Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China
(London: Frank Cass, 1998), pp. 20–5; Sydney D. White, ‘Town and Village: Naxi Identities in the Lijiang Basin’, in Susan Blum and Lionel M. Jensen,
China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002). On Naxi language, see Ramsey,
The Languages of China
, pp. 264–8.

‘
Then the Mongol
’: Fitzgerald,
The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People
, p. 65; Frederick W. Mote,
Imperial China
900–1800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 441; Stephen R. Turnbull,
Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests,
1190–1400 (Oxford: Osprey, 2003), p. 61.

‘
The Naxi
’: Ramsey,
The Languages of China
, p. 266.

‘
A boom box
’: Sara Davis, ‘Dance or Else: China’s Simplifying Project’,
China Rights Forum
, No. 4 (2006), pp. 38–46
.

‘
To the north
’: On the Tanguts, see Ruth W. Dunnell,
The Great State of White and High
:
Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh Century Xia
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996).

‘
Further back
’: On the earliest relations between Chinese and Tibeto-Burman speakers, see Christopher I. Beckwith,
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), pp. 43–8; David Bradley,
Proto-Loloish: Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No.
39 (London and Malmö: Curzon Press, 1979); Ilia Peiros, ‘Lolo-Burmese Linguistic Archeology’, unpublished paper, University of Melbourne, August 1996. On the possibility that an early Tibeto-Burman kingdom was the origin of the name ‘China’, see Geoff Wade, ‘The Polity of Yelang and the Origins of the Name “China”’,
Sino-Platonic Papers
, No. 188, May 2009 (
http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf
).

‘
On some of these drums, their rivals to the east
’: Terry F. Kleeman,
Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998), pp. 19–61.

‘
the people of Sanxingdui
’: van Driem,
Languages of the Himalayas
, p. 433; Lothar von Falkenhausen, ‘The External Connections of Sanxingdui’,
Journal of East Asian Archaeology
, Vol. 5, Nos 1–4, 2003, pp. 191–245.

‘
Here have been found
’: J. P. Mallory and Victor Mair, The
Tarim Mummies
(London: Thames and Hudson, 2000).

‘
Pliny
’: Pliny the Elder,
Natural History
, chapter 27 (22)–Taprobane (
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+6.24&redirect=true
).

‘
the final wave of Siberians who journeyed to
’: Zhendong Qin et al., ‘A mitochondrial revelation of early human migrations to the Tibetan Plateau before and after the last glacial maximum’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, published online July 2010; Bo Wen et al., ‘Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans’,
American Journal of Human Genetics
, May 2004, 74 (5), pp. 856–65.

‘
The Naxi kingdom
’: Joseph F. Rock,
The Ancient Nakhi Kingdom of Southwest China
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948); Peter Goullart,
Forgotten Kingdom
(London: J. Murray, 1955).

‘
Part of this
’: On the Mosuo, see Eileen Rose Walsh, ‘From Nü Guo to Nü’er Guo: Negotiating Desire in the Land of the Mosuo’,
Modern China
, 31.4 (2005), pp. 448–86; Steven Harrell,
Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), chapter 12.

‘
I must tell you
’: Marco Polo,
The Book of Ser Marco Polo,
p. 34.

‘
More than a year
’: ‘Fire on the roof of the world’,
The Economist
, 14 March 2008; ‘Tibetan riots spread outside region’,
New York Times
, 16 March 2008.

‘
Tibet has
’: Patrick French,
Tibet
,
Tibet: A personal history of a lost land
(London: Harper Collins, 2003); Tsering Shakya,
The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since
1947 (New York: Penguin Compass, 2000).

‘
July
2009’: Edward Wong, ‘Riots in Western China Amid Ethnic Tension’,
New York Times
, 5 July 2009.

‘
The Uighurs are a Turkish-speaking
’: James Millward,
Eurasian Cross roads: A History of Xinjiang
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).

Between China and the Deep Blue Sea

‘
Others from Burma
’: On Ruili’s Muslims, see esp. Berlie,
The Burmanization of Myanmar’s Muslims
, pp. 69–77.

‘
Ruili was once
’: See for example Anthony Davis, ‘Law and Disorder: A Growing Torrent of Guns and Narcotics Overwhelms China’,
Asiaweek
, 25 August 1995; Patrick Tyler, ‘Heroin Influx Ignites a Growing AIDS Epidemic in China’,
New York Times
, 28 November 1995.

‘
The Chinese government
’: ‘How much has Yunnan changed in the “Go West” era?’,
Go Kunming
, 6 July 2010 (
http://en.kunming.cn/index/content/2010-07/06/content_2215762.htm
).

‘
Eurasian Land Bridge
’: Li Yingqing and Guo Anfei, ‘Third land link to Europe envisioned’,
China Daily
, 2 July 2009.

‘
The Ruili River
’: On the diverse peoples of the borderlands in the early modern era, see C. Patterson Giersch,
Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China’s Yunnan Frontier
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 21–9.

‘
Up to the
1950
s
’: C. Y. Lee,
The Sawbwa and His Secretary
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1959).

‘
But frontier personalities
’: Thaw Kaung, ‘Palm-leaf Manuscript Record of a Mission Sent by the Myanmar King to the Chinese Emperor in the mid-18th Century’,
Myanmar Historical Research Journal
, No. 20, December 2010, pp. 9–55.

‘
But they also
’: Chit Hlaing (F. K. Lehman), ‘The Central Position of the Shan/Tai as “Knowledge Brokers” in the Inter-ethnic Network of the China–Burma (Myanmar) Borderlands’, paper presented at Shan Religion and Culture Conference, 8–10 December, 2007, School of Oriental and African Studies, London University (
http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5293/2/10chitHlaing-Shan_Paper.pdf
).

‘
In the fifteenth
’: Keay,
China: A History
, pp. 379–86.

‘
Then came
’: Thomas Fuller, ‘Refugees Flee to China as Fighting Breaks Out in Myanmar’,
New York Times
, 28 August 2009; International Crisis Group, ‘China’s Myanmar Strategy: Elections, Ethnic Politics and Economics’,
Asia Briefing
, No. 112, 21 September 2010.