Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia (38 page)

‘
In the Chinese journal
’: Ben Blanchard, ‘China casts nervous eye at erstwhile ally Myanmar’, Reuters News Service, 25 January 2010.

‘
the unswerving policy of his country
’: ‘Hu Jintao Holds Talks with Chairman of Myanmar’s State Peace and Development Council Than Shwe’, Press statement, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 10 September 2010.

‘The Economist’: ‘China and India: Contest of the Century’,
The Economist
, 19 August 2010.

Part Three The Edge of Hindustan

Looking East

‘
More and more
’:
Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru
, First Series, Vol. I (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1972), p. 465.

‘
The origins
’: On the 1962 Sino-Indian war, see Ramachandra Guha,
India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy
(London: Macmillan, 2007), pp. 301–37.

‘
When I went back
’: On India’s recent economic development, see Edward Luce,
In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India
(London: Little Brown, 2006); Mira Kamdar,
Planet India: The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World
(New York: Scribner, 2007).

‘
Delhi has been
’: On Delhi’s history, see Percival Spear et al.,
Delhi: Its Monuments and History
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); also H. C. Fanshawe,
Delhi–Past and Present
(London: J. Murray Hearn, 1902); Gordon Risley,
The Seven Cities of Delhi
(London: W. Thacker, 1906). On Indian history generally, see John Keay,
India: A History
(New York: Harper Collins, 2000); Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf,
A Concise Modern History of India
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

‘
Goldman Sachs
’: Goldman Sachs, ‘Ten Things for India to Achieve its 2050 Potential’, Global Economics Paper 169 (
http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/ten-things-for-india.html
).

‘
India is currently
’: C. Raja Mohan, ‘Chennai-Bangalore industrial corridor launch likely’,
Indian Express
, 25 October 2010.

‘
Move eastward
’: See for example Catriona Purfield, ‘Mind the Gap–Is Economic Growth in India Leaving Some States Behind?’, International Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/06/103, 2006.

‘
In the early
’: Ranjit Gupta, ‘India’s “Look East” Policy’, in
Indian Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities
(New Delhi: Academic Foundation and the Foreign Service Institute, 2007).

‘
A natural partnership
’: For comparisons between India and China and intra-Asian relations generally, see for example, Brahma Chellaney,
Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan
(New York: Harper Business, 2006); Bill Emmott,
Rivals: How the Power Struggle Between China, India, and Japan Will Shape Our Next Decade
(New York: Harcourt, 2008); Tarun Khanna,
Billions of Entrepreneurs: How China and India Are Reshaping Their Future and Yours
(Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).

‘
He has argued
’: Jairam Ramesh, ‘Northeast India in a New Asia’, presented at
Gateway to the East: A Symposium on Northeast India and the Look East Policy,
Shillong
,
16 June 2005 (
http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/550/550%20jairam%20ramesh.htm
).

‘
the Emperor Vespasian
’: Andre Wink,
Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, Vol. 1,
Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam,
7
th
–11
th Centuries
(Boston/Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2002), pp. 335–7.

‘
Recent scholarship
’: Himashu Prabha Ray, ‘The Axial Age in South Asia: The Archeology of Buddhism (500
BC–AD
500)’, in Stark,
Archaeology of Asia
, pp. 303–23.

‘
George Coedes
’: George Coedes,
The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996), p. xvi. On the spread of Sanskrit to southeast Asia, see also Ostler,
Empires of the Word
, pp. 199–207.

‘
The Guptas
’: On Gupta India, Keay,,
India: A History
, pp. 129–54; Romila Thapar,
Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to
AD
1300 (London: Penguin, 2002), pp. 245–363.

‘
Buddhism itself
’: On early Indian Buddhism, see Edward Conze,
Buddhism: A Short History
, pp. 1–44; Donald S. Lopez Jr.,
The Story of Buddhism: A Concise Guide to its History & Teachings
(New York: HarperOne, 2001); Noble Ross Reat,
Buddhism: A History
, pp. 1–83; Skilton,
A Concise History of Buddhism
, pp. 13–149.

‘
into a surprise of life
’: quoted in Jawaharlal Nehru,
The Discovery of India
(Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1947), p. 211.

Forgotten Partitions

‘
Calcutta is
’: On Calcutta’s history, see Krishna Dutta,
Calcutta: A Cultural History
(Northampton: Interlink, 2003).

‘
In October
2008’: ‘A new home for the Nano: Protesters force Tata Motors to abandon a car factory in West Bengal’,
The Economist
, 9 October 2008.

‘
one of the very few
’: ‘Tortoise That Saw The Rise And The Fall Of The British Empire Dies’,
New York Times
, 24 March 2006.

‘
My great-grandfather
’: On Bengal–Burma relations in colonial times, see Dr Swapna Bhattacharya (Chakraborti), ‘A Close View of Encounter between British Burma and British Bengal’, unpublished paper presented at the 18th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Lund, Sweden, 6–9 July 2004; S. R. Chakravorty, ‘Bengal Revolutionaries in Burma’,
Quarterly Review of Historical Studies
, 19:1–2 (1979–80).

‘
In India it is
’: Quoted in Penny Edwards, ‘Gandhiji in Burma and Burma in Gandhiji’, in Debjani Ganguly, John Docker (eds),
Rethinking Gandhi and non-violent rationality: A global perspective
(New York: Routledge, 2008).

‘
Rabindranath Tagore, came in
1916’: Bhattacharya, ‘A Close View of Encounter between British Burma and British Bengal’, pp. 42–9.

‘
In ancient times
’: Ray, ‘The Axial Age in South Asia’; Ostler,
Empires of the Word
, pp. 174–99.

‘
More recent
’: Richard M. Eaton,
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier
1204–1760 (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1993), pp. 3–10.

‘
Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism
’: On Tantric Buddhism, see Conze,
Buddhism: A Short History
, pp. 61–9; Lopez,
The Story of Buddhism
, pp. 213–30; Reat,
Buddhism: A History
, pp. 70–5; Skilton,
A Concise History of Buddhism
, pp. 135–42.

‘
Nalanda was a very old university
’: H. D. Sankalia,
The University of Nalanda
(New Delhi: Oriental Publishers, 1972).

‘
observatories seem to be
’: quoted in Lal Mani Joshi,
Studies in the Buddhistic culture of India during the seventh and eighth centuries
(New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1967), pp. 56–7.

‘
For centuries
’: On medieval Bengal, see Eaton,
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier
, pp. 22–112.

‘
A close relationship
’: On Arakan’s history and its relations with Bengal, see Michael Charney, ‘Arakan, Min Yazagyi and the Portuguese: The Relationship Between the Growth of Arakanese Imperial Power and Portuguese Mercenaries on the Fringe of Southeast Asia’,
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research
, 3:2 (2005); Richard Eaton, ‘Locating Arakan and Time, Space and Historical Scholarship’, in Jos Gommans and Jacques Leider (eds),
The Maritime Frontier of Burma: Exploring Political, Cultural and Commercial Interaction in the Indian Ocean World,
1200–1800 (Amsterdam: KITLV Press, 2002); Harvey,
History of Burma
, pp. 137–49; Pamela Gutman,
Burma’s Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan
(Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2001); Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ‘And a River Runs Through It: The Mrauk-U Kingdom and Its Bay of Bengal Context’, in Gommans and Leider,
The Maritime Frontier of Burma
.

‘
In August
1947’: On partition, see Guha,
India After Gandhi
, pp. 3–34; Yasmin Khan,
The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007); Narendra Singh Sarila,
The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India’s Partition
(London: Constable, 2005); Alex von Tunzelmann,
Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of Empire
(London: Simon and Schuster, 2007). On the aftermath of Bengal’s partition, see specifically Willem van Schendel,
The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia
(London: Anthem Press, 2005), pp. 24–85.

‘
Within a quarter
’: On the 1971 India–Pakistan war, see Guha,
India After Gandhi
, pp. 449–61.

‘
A US Army
’: Christopher J. Pehrson, ‘A String of Pearls: Meeting the Challenge of China’s Rising Power Along the Asian Littoral’, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2006 (
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub721.pdf
). For an overview of recent Sino-Indian relations, Willem van Kemanade,
Détente Between China and India: The Delicate Balance of Geopolitics in Asia
(The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations, 2008).

‘
In an essay
’: Ananth Krishnan, ‘Does Beijing really want to “break up” India?’,
The Hindu
, 16 August 2009.

‘
Sixty years
’: Sardar Patel letter to Pandit Nehru, 7 November 1950, quoted in Bairaj Krishna,
India’s Bismarck: Sardar Vallabhai Patel
(New Delhi: Indus Source Books, 2008), pp. 215–22.

‘
In the years
’: On recent Indo-Burmese relations, see for example Lall Marie, ‘Indo-Myanmar Relations in the Era of Pipeline Diplomacy’,
Contemporary Southeast Asia
, Vol. 28, No. 3, 2006; Sudha Ramachandran, ‘India bends over for Myanmar’s generals’,
Asia Times Online,
6 November 2007; Gideon Lundholm, ‘Pipeline Politics: India and Myanmar’,
The
[Bangladesh]
Daily Star
, 17 November 2007. For one view of India–China competition in Burma, Khanna,
Billions of Entrepreneurs
, pp. 237–56.

‘
In
1958’: Edgar Snow,
Red China Today
(New York: Random House, 1962), p. 564.

Inner Lines

‘
In the early
’: On Burmese campaigns against Assam, see S. L. Baruah,
A Comprehensive History of Assam
(New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1985), pp. 220–369.

‘
In ancient times
’: On early Assam, see N. N. Acharyya,
Northeast India on
[
sic
]
Historical Perspective
(New Delhi: Omsons Publications, 2006); Edward Albert Gait,
A History of Assam
(Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1906), chapters 1 and 2; Promatha Nath Dutta,
Glimpses into the History of Assam
(Calcutta: Vidyodaya Library Private, 1964).

‘
Scholars believe
’: G. Chaubey et al., ‘Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sexspecific Admixture’,
Journal of Molecular Biology and Evolution
, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 1013–24.

‘
And it was from
’: Richard Bernstein,
Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk (Xuanzang) who crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001); Mishi Saran,
Chasing the Monk’s Shadow: A Journey in the Footsteps of Xuanzang
(London: Penguin, 2005).

‘
The Ahoms
’: On modern Assam history and identity, see Yasmin Saikia,
Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), pp. 1–111.

‘
The last war
’: L. W. Shakespear,
History of Upper Assam, Upper Burmah and North-Eastern Frontier
(London: Macmillan, 1914), pp. 41–4.

‘
perfect savages
’: Saikia,
Fragmented Memories
, p. 50.

‘
The belt
’: Laura C. Martin,
Tea: the drink that changed the world
(North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2007), pp. 154–62.

‘
Tea was to
’: Manilal Bose,
Social history of Assam
(New Delhi: Ashok Kumar Mittal, 1989), chapter 5; Saikia,
Fragmented Memories
.

‘
The decades
’: On Assam since independence, see Sanjib Baruah,
India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999).

‘
An armed group
’: On ULFA and Northeast India insurgency generally, see Sanjib Baruah,
Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 145–80; Sanjoy Hazarika,
Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War & Peace from India’s Northeast
(New Delhi: Penguin, 2004), pp. 167–248.