When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry (93 page)

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 "
There is no doubt":
Gilbert,
Jewry in Crisis,
8.
They looked at:
Biographical information on Shultz from his memoir
Turmoil and Triumph.

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Reagan talked for:
Ibid., 164–65.

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 "
What's all this fuss": Saturday Night Live,
season one; episode originally aired on January 24, 1976.

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"
Israel's urge to dominate":
William Orbach, "Israel vs. Soviet Jewry," in
Response: A Contemporary Jewish Review
38 (Winter 1979–1980).

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In an op-ed:
Jerry Goodman, quoted in Altshuler,
Exodus to Freedom,
68.
Leading this charge:
Biographical information on Bronfman from David Remnick, "Bronfman and the Search for the Past,"
Washington Post,
April 2, 1986.

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 "
It is impossible":
Nahum Goldmann, "The Hammer-and-Sickle and Star of David,"
New York Times,
January 8, 1979.

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In 1983, at one:
Edgar Bronfman, "To Help Soviet Jews,"
New York Times,
July 1, 1983.
"
Many people in this":
Quoted in Anthony Lewis, "Opening for Gorbachev,"
New York Times,
March 14, 1985.

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When expectant talk:
Anthony Lewis, "Cat and Mouse,"
New York Times,
May 23, 1985.

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Avi Weiss was a:
Biographical information on Weiss from author interview with him and from his unpublished memoir.
Weiss set himself up:
From unpublished memoir of Avi Weiss, provided to author. Weiss's memoir is in various draft forms. The hunger-strike section is from chapter 6, "The Struggle for Soviet Jewry," 1–13.

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His conclusion:
Avraham Weiss, "With Shcharansky,"
New York Times,
December 11, 1982.
Weiss thought of:
From Avi Weiss's unpublished memoir, the fragment titled "With Avital and Anatoly," 6: "In those years we developed almost a brother-sister relationship; a pure love that was absolutely above board and on the highest spiritual level. I am aware there was malicious gossip during those years about my relationship with Avital from some who may have envied the rapport we had developed. Such gossip was, of course, the incarnation of
lashon hara
[evil tongue], and absolute nonsense to boot."

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Weiss initiated what:
Operation Redemption described in Weiss memoir, ibid., 14–20.

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 "
To the Soviets":
Ibid., 17–18.
Usually much more:
Ibid., 7–8.

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Reagan's insistence on:
Robert F. McFadden, "Americans Voice Anger on Bitburg,"
New York Times,
May 6, 1985.
"
That place, Mr. President":
Bernard Weinraub, "Wiesel Confronts Reagan on Trip,"
New York Times,
April 20, 1985.

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 "
And then, rising above":
"Speech by Reagan at Bergen-Belsen,"
New York Times,
May 6, 1985.
"
Is there a connection":
William R. Greer, "Demonstration for Soviet Jews Jams Fifth Ave.,"
New York Times,
May 6, 1985.

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A soft-spoken:
Biographical information on Kampelman from Kampelman,
Entering New Worlds.
From the first day:
Kampelman,
East-West Divide,
9.
"
The Soviet Union is":
Ibid., 65.

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Madrid was in every:
Detailed description of the Madrid conference in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
123–62.

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 "
The USSR is not":
"Stonewalling Human Rights,"
Time,
November 24, 1980.

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Richard Schifter was:
Biographical information on Schifter from
Refusenik
transcript of interview with him.
He would often tell:
Schifter makes this point in the opening of an essay in Friedman and Chernin, eds.,
Second Exodus,
136: "I wanted to make sure I would not fail as I had failed in 1939 and 1940, when I tried to extricate my parents from Europe."
Just before the Ottawa:
Ibid., 137.
His job, as he explained:
Quoted in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
179.

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 "
We talk about":
Christopher'S. Wren, "Reporter's Notebook: A Rights Parley in Ottawa,"
New York Times,
May 25, 1985.
He pointed out:
Korey,
Promises We Keep,
174.
But as the British:
Quoted in ibid., 172.

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Right-wing parliament:
Cohen comment quoted in Freedman, ed.,
Jewry in the 1980s,
61–96.
Indication of Soviet:
Details of the exchange in ibid., 82.

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 "
I am convinced":
"Israel-Soviet Contacts Held in Paris," July 20, 1985, BBC World Service, Middle East, ME/8008/A/1.

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At first written off:
Judith Miller, "Peres Reports French Offer to Fly Soviet Jews to Israel,"
New York Times,
October 26, 1985.
"
I think my friend":
David Remnick, "Bronfman and the Search for the Past,"
Washington Post,
April 2, 1986.

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Asked publicly about:
Serge Schmemann, "Summit Parley Overshadowed by Rights Issue,"
New York Times,
November 13, 1985.
"
Rampant racism in many":
Celestine Bohlen, "Kremlin Says U.S. Violates Rights,"
Washington Post,
November 17, 1985.

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 "
Closed and compartmented":
Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph,
591.
"
You should take up":
Ibid.
During this meeting:
Ibid., 588–89.
In order to achieve:
Chernyaev,
Six Years,
41.

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Bronfman tried to:
Episode is described in Weiss memoir, "With Avital and Anatoly," 23.
The activists spent:
Avraham Weiss, "The Dark Side to the Summit,"
New York Times,
December 7, 1985.
Media savvy now:
Avital Shcharansky's letter to Raisa Gorbachev reprinted in Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
409–10.

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 "
Jews are a part":
Joseph Lelyveld, "Jackson, in Impromptu Session, Presses Gorbachev on Soviet Jews,"
New York Times,
November 20, 1985.

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Morris Abram, the head of:
Bernard Gwertzman, "U.S. Jewish Group Cautions on Arms,"
New York Times,
January 7, 1986.

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I think I'll die:
Weiss memoir, "With Avital and Anatoly," 30–31.
Throughout that year:
Story of the negotiations for Shcharansky's release in
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
220–25.

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Shcharansky, isolated:
Account of release in Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
399–416.

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 "
When I probed my":
Ibid., 399.

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They embraced strongly:
Ibid., 415.

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He apologized for:
Shcharansky's airport speech in
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
249.

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People wondered about:
Dan Fisher, "I'm the One to Decide,"
Los Angeles Times,
May 2, 1986.
One of the people:
Author interview with Sylva Zalmanson;
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
239–43.

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 "
He's the last man":
David K. Shipler, "The Question in Israel: Whither Shcharansky?"
New York Times,
February 15, 1986.
In his speech:
Shcharansky's appearance in front of the airport terminal in
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
252–54.

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A large crowd:
Scene at the Western Wall described in Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
416;
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
256–57.

14. "Mr. Gorbachev, Let These People Go!"

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But she swore:
Nudel,
Hand in the Darkness,
290–93.

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 "
If we don't back":
Chernyaev,
Six Years,
84.

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The very words: Pravda,
February 26, 1986, quoted in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
189.

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He described discovering:
Philip Taubman, "Soviet Poet Looks Hard at Suffering of the Jews,"
New York Times,
October 20, 1986.

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From his new platform:
"Elie Wiesel, in Moscow, Meets Good Friends,"
New York Times,
October 24, 1986.
"
Not a day passes":
Christine Bohlen, "Moscow Jews Celebrate; Thousands Applaud Nobel Winner Wiesel,"
Washington Post,
October 25, 1986.

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He told the:
William Johnson, "Arms Deal Possible, Shultz Says Reagan Leaves for Iceland with Tough Talk on Rights,"
Globe and Mail,
October 9, 1986.
As Orlov was leaving:
Orlov,
Dangerous Thoughts,
296.

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As Morris Abram:
Abram and Goodman, "Reykjavik Talks Hold Out Hope on Emigration of Soviet Jews,"
New York Times,
October 19, 1986.
Shultz used a speech:
"The Right Priority for Human Rights,"
New York Times,
November 13, 1986.
"
There will be no":
Paul Quinn-Judge, "Measuring the Mood in Vienna,"
Christian Science Monitor,
November 4, 1986.
In Vienna, a younger:
Details of the Vienna monitoring conference in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
213–76.
At one press conference:
James M. Markham, "Soviet Spokesmen Joust with Critics,"
New York Times,
November 4, 1986.

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 "
I would like":
Ibid.
Two days after:
Shevardnadze's announcement in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
228.
At a press conference:
Philip Taubman, "Soviet Offers East-West Rights Talks in Moscow,"
New York Times,
November 6, 1986.
As the conference opened:
"Group: Soviet Jails Are Getting Worse,"
Philadelphia Inquirer,
November 4, 1986.

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When the new phone:
Account of Sakharov-Gorbachev phone call in Sakharov,
Memoirs,
614–17.

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Dressed in a gray:
Philip Taubman, "Sakharov and Wife Back in Moscow,"
New York Times,
December 23, 1986.
"
I think that the word":
Bill Keller, "Physicist Sees Major Changes For Soviet,"
New York Times,
December 25, 1986.

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They told the press:
Moscow demonstration described in Philip Taubman, "The Release of Sakharov: Its Broader Implications,"
New York Times,
December 21, 1986.
For months, Ida:
Nudel's visit to Sakharov in Nudel,
Hand in the Darkness,
294–95.

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Emigration could be:
USSR Council of Ministers Resolution, "On addenda to the Regulations of Entering or Leaving the USSR," BBC World Service Broadcast, SU/8424/C/1.

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 "
Sometimes I have":
David Remnick, "Émigré as Eminence: Shcharansky Facing the Burdens of Celebrity,"
Washington Post,
May 13, 1986.
Weiss wanted Shcharansky:
Shcharansky visit and Weiss motivation described in
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
277–80; Weiss's unpublished memoir "With Avital and Anatoly," 36–39: "I was undoubtedly motivated by a variety of motives, of which ego gratification may have been one. Still, I was convinced then and remain so today that my principal motivation was that Natan make a gesture that would set clear for the historical record what part of the Soviet Jewry movement had been his staunchest supporters during the years when he lay near death at the mercy of the KGB."

[>]
 "
Exactly as it was":
Helsinki Commission,
Hearings,
May 14, 1986, quoted in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
215–19.
"
As a Zionist": Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
280.

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 "
When Mikhail Gorbachev":
Yitzhak Rabi, "Sharansky Calls on American Jewry to Continue Its Public Campaign on Behalf of Soviet Jewry," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 4, 1986, quoted in Altshuler,
From Exodus,
81.

[>]
 "
The reunion of families":
Helsinki Commission,
Hearings,
May 14, 1986, quoted in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
215–19.
Speaking to the neoconservative:
"The Limits of Glasnost," speech delivered by Natan Sharansky to the Heritage Foundation, December 12, 1986.
Shimon Peres, speaking:
James M. Markham, "Israel's Premier, in West Berlin, Appeals to Soviets to Let Jews Go,"
New York Times,
January 30, 1986.