Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals (77 page)

20
Ralph Giordano,
Wenn
Hitler
den Krieg gewonnen hatte
(Munich, 1989).

21
Kenneth Macksey (ed.),
The Hitler Options: Alternate Decisions of World War II
(London, 1995).

22
Jochen Thies, ‘Hitler’s European Building Programme’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 13 (1978);
idem
, ‘Nazi Architecture - A Blueprint for World Domination’, in David Welch (ed.),
Nazi Propaganda
(London, 1983); Robert Edwin Herzstein,
When Nazi Dreams Came True
(London, 1982). Aspects of fascist and Nazi conceptions of European unity are also explored in M. L. Smith and P. M. R. Stirk (eds),
Making the New Europe
(London, 1990).

23
James Lucas, ‘Operation Wotan: The Panzer Thrust to Capture Moscow, October-November 1941’, in Macksey (ed.),
The Hitler Options
, pp. 54ff.

24
Sergei Kudryashov, ‘The Hidden Dimension: Wartime Collaboration in the Soviet Union’, in Erickson and Dilks (eds),
Barbarossa,
p. 246. See also Jurgen Thorwald,
The Illusion: Soviet Soldiers in Hitler’s Armies
(New York, 1975); Sergei Frohlich,
General Wlassow
.
Russen und Deutsche zwischen Hitler und Stalin
(Cologne, 1987); Joachim Hoffmann,
Die Ostlegionen 1941-1943
(3rd edn, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1986);
idem
,
Deutsch
e
und Kalmyken 1942 bis 1945
(4th edn, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1986);
idem
,
Die Geschichte der Wlassow Armee
(Freiburg im Breisgau, 1986); Catherine Andreyev,
Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Emigré Theories
(Cambridge, 1987); Samuel J. Newland,
Cossacks in the German Army 1941 to 1945
(London, 1991).

25
Alexander Dallin,
German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945: A Study in Occupation Policies
(2nd edn, London, 1981), p. 509.

26
Ibid
., p. 241.

27
Barber and Harrison,
Soviet Home Front
, pp. 114f.

28
Table Talk
, 17 October 1941, p. 68.

29
Ibid
., 9-10 January 1942, p. 198.

30
Ibid
., esp. pp. 15, 23, 24, 33.

31
Ibid
., 17 September 1941, p. 34.

32
Ibid
., 19-20 February 1942, p. 319.

33
Ibid
., 17 October 1941, p. 69.

34
Ibid
., 8-9 and 9-10 August 1941, p. 24.

35
Ibid
., 6 August 1942, p. 617.

36
Ibid
., 17 September 1941, p. 34.

37
Ibid
., pp. 46ff. Dallin’s rather dated study is essentially concerned with Rosenberg’s effectively powerless agency, and hence is much weaker on both the military and the SS-police empire.

38
Karl-Heinz Janssen, ‘Beherrschen, verwalten, ausbeuten!’,
Die Zeit
, 27-28 June 1991, p. 45.

39
Ruth Bettina Birn,
Die höheren SS- und Polizeiführer. Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und in den besetzten Gebieten
(Düsseldorf, 1986).

40
Dallin,
German Rule
, p. 322. See also John Erickson, ‘Nazi Posters in Wartime Russia’,
History Today
, 44 (1994), pp. 14-19.

41
The best account of Himmler’s ideological outlook remains Josef Ackermann,
Heinrich Himmler als Ideologe
(Göttingen, 1970), esp. pp. 195ff. for his views on the East.

42
Robert Koehl,
RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy 1939-1945: A History of the Reich Commission for the Strengthening of Germandom
(Cambridge, Mass., 1957) is still the standard account.

43
Rolf-Dieter Müller,
Hitlers Ostkrieg und die deutsche Siedlungspolitik
(Frankfurt am Main, 1991), pp. 119-21 for the text of Himmler’s address.

44
Helmut Krausnick, ‘Denkschrift Himmlers über die Behandlung der Fremdvölkischen im Osten’,
Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, 5 (1957), pp. 194-8.

45
Bundesarchiv Koblenz, NS 19 (alt), 184, ‘Niederschrift Himmlers über Probleme der deutschen Ostsiedlung vom 24 Juni 1940’.

46
‘Planungsgrundlagen für den Aufbau der Ostgebiete’, in R.-D. Muller,
Hitlers Ostkrieg
(Frankfurt am Main, 1991), pp. 130-8.

47
Michael Burleigh,
Germany Turns Eastwards: A Study of ‘Ostforschung’ in the Third Reich
(Cambridge, 1988), esp. pp. 155ff. See also
idem
, ‘Die Stunde der Experten’, in M. Rössler and S. Schleiermacher (eds),
Der ‘Generalplan Ost
’.
Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik
(Berlin, 1993), pp. 346-55.

48
Gert Gröning and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (eds),
Der Liebe zur Landschaft. Teil III: Der Drang nach Osten. Arbeiten zur socialwissenschaftlich orientierten Freiraumplanung
, Bd. IX (Munich, 1987), p. 31, citing Konrad Meyer’s autobiography.

49
‘Himmler über Siedlungsfragen’, in Karl Heinz Roth, ‘Erster “Generalplan Ost” (April/May 1940) von Konrad Meyer’,
Dokumentationsstelle zur NS
-
Sozialpolitik
,
Mitteilungen,
1 (1985), documentary appendix.

50
Dietrich Eichholtz, ‘Der “Generalplan Ost”. Über eine Ausgeburt imperialistischer Denkart und Politik’,
Jahrbucb für Geschichte,
26 (1982), documentary appendix, pp. 257f., for Heydrich’s speech.

51
Helmut Heiber, ‘Der Generalplan Ost’,
Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte,
6 (1958), pp. 281ff.

52
Müller,
Hitlers Ostkrieg
, pp. 185-8, for Meyer’s text.

53
Bruno Wasser, ‘Die “Germanisierung” im Distrikt Lublin als Generalprobe und erste Realisierungsphase des “Generalplans Ost”’, in Rössler and Schleiermacher (eds),
Der ‘Generalplan Ost
’, pp. 272f.

54
For the details of the Zamosc resettlements see Czeslaw Madajczyk,
Die Okkupationspolitik Nazideutschlands in Polen 1939-1945
(Cologne, 1988), pp. 422ff.

55
Götz Aly and Susanne Heim, Vordenker der
Vernichtung. Auschwitz und die deutschen Pläne für eine neue europaische Ordnung
(Hamburg, 1991), pp. 436f.

56
H. R. Trevor-Roper, ‘Hitlers Kriegsziele’, Vierteljahreshefte
für Zeitsgeschichte
, 8 (1960), pp. 121-33; Eberhard Jäckel,
Hitler’s World View: A Blueprint for Power
(Middletown, Conn., 1972); Gunter Moltmann, ‘Weltherrschaftsideen Hitlers’, in O. Brunner and D. Gerhard (eds),
Europa und Übersee. Festschrift für Egmont Zechlin
(Hamburg, 1961), pp. 197-240; Milan Hauner, ‘Did Hitler Want World Domination?’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 13 (1978), pp. 15-32; Meier Michaelis, ‘World Power Status or World Dominion?’,
Historical Journal
, 15 (1972), pp. 331-60.

57
Michael Burleigh, ‘... And Tomorrow the Whole World’,
History Today
, 40 (1990), pp. 32-8; Dimitry Oleinikov and Sergei Kudryashov, ‘What If Hitler Had Defeated Russia?’,
History Today
, 45 (1995), pp. 67-70.

58
Table Talk
, 8-9 August 1941, p. 24.

59
Ibid
., 21-22 October 1941, p. 81.

60
Ibid
., 8 June 1942, p.523. See also Hans J. Reichardt and Wolfgang Schache (eds),
Von Berlin nach Germania. Über die Zerstorung der Reichshauptstadt durch Albert Speers Neugestaltungen
(Berlin, 1985).

61
Wolfgang Schache, ‘From Berlin to Germania: Architecture and Urban Planning’, in David Britt (ed.),
Art and Power: Europe under the Dictators
,
1930-1945
(Hayward Gallery, London, 1995), pp. 326ff.

62
For these plans see Karl-Heinz Roth (ed.), ‘Versorgungswerk des Deutschen Volkes: Die Neuordnungsplane der Deutschen Arbeitsfront zur Sozialversicherung 1935-1943’,
Dokumentationsstelle zur NS-Sozialpolitik
, vol. II (Hamburg, 1986).

63
Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann,
The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945
(Cambridge, 1994) for the most comprehensive discussion of these policies.

1
Interviewed by Michael Charlton,
The Eagle and the Small Birds - Crisis in the Soviet Empire: From Yalta to Solidarity
(Chicago/London, 1984), p. 50.

2
M. Lewin,
The Peasant and Soviet Power
(London, 1969).

3
B. Croce,
History as the Story of Liberty
(London, 1941), pp. 27-8.

4
The first work of this kind, recently reissued, was G. Alperovitz,
Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam
(London, 1994).

5
Ibid
., p. 313.

6
Ibid
., p. 63.

8
These are the Venona telegrams: partially decrypted intercepts of communications between the Soviet mission in New York and the government in Moscow, now released by the US National Security Agency.

9
This was the result of agreement with the International Advisory Group established in January 1992 at the initiative of the Nobel Foundation in Oslo. The Group - chaired originally by Arne Westad, and currently by the author - has, through raising money for the process of declassification, seen to the release of considerable documentation on Soviet foreign policy since 1917, including a significant proportion dating from 1945, though certainly not to the extent we would have liked or originally anticipated.

10
M. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance
(New York, 1975).

11
Testimony of Marshal Zhukov, who was present:
Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya
, vol. III (Mosow, 1983), p. 316.

12
Indeed, the leading proponent closes the most recent edition of his book (appendix IV) with a Report from the Federal Council of Churches, 1946, and (appendix V) with excerpts from the US National Conference of Catholic Bishops’ Pastoral Letter on War and Peace, 1983: Alperovitz,
Atomic Diplomacy
, pp. 321-39. At the very least this suggests that the author’s dislike of atomic weapons may have influenced his writing.

13
Washington Post
, 22 January 1952. The reader will find this argument and the evidence first published in J. Haslam, ‘Le valutazioni di Stalin sulla probabilita della guerra (1945-1953)’, in A. Natoli and S. Pons (eds),
L’eta dello stalinismo
(Rome, 1991), pp. 279-97.

14
Bol‘shevik,
No. 17-18, September 1946, reprinted in R. McNeal (ed.),
I. V
.
Stalin: Sochineniya
, vol. III:
1946-1953
(Stanford, 1967), p. 56.

15
Molotov dictated his memoirs to the poet Felix Chuyev over a period of years. The tapes have been made available to at least one documentary film-maker. For the text:
Sto sorok besed s Molotovym: Iz dnevnika F
.
Chueva
(Moscow, 1991), p. 81.

16
Sto sorok
, pp. 96-7. Molotov gets the year wrong, however, remembering it as 1944.

17
Pravda
, 23 January 1947.

18
P. Nenni,
Tempo di Guerra Fredda: Diari 1943-1956
, ed. by G. Nenni and D. Zucaro (Milan, 1981), p. 537.

19
Quoted in the Forrestal diaries: Alperovitz,
Atomic Diplomacy
, p. 364.

20
Nenni,
Tempo
, p. 400.

21
Entry, 19 April 1948: V. Auriol,
Journal du Septennat 1947-1954,
vol. II:
1948
(Paris, 1974), p.189. Auriol, President of France, was quoting the official in his diary.

22
Washington Post
, 21 January 1952.

23
PRO, FO 371/56731, Roberts, Moscow, to Bevin, London, 6 September 1946.

24
Y. Modin,
My Five Cambridge Friends
(London, 1994), p. 47.

25
C. Andrew and O. Gordievsky,
KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev
(London, 1990).

26
Modin,
My Five Cambridge Friends
, p. 139.

27
Ibid
., p. 142. For the effects on the development of the Soviet bomb project from 1942: D. Holloway,
Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956
(New Haven/London, 1994).

28
NKGB documents quoted in G. Borovik,
The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy - KGB Archives Revealed
, ed. with an introduction by P. Knightly (London, 1994), p. 236.

29
Quoted in
ibid
., p. 240.

30
Sto sorok
, p. 88.

31
P. Sudoplatov,
Special Tasks
(London, 1994), pp. 230-1. Sudoplatov, a former spy, may not always be a reliable source, but in this case his testimony is backed up by evidence from Foreign Ministry files: M. Narinsky, ‘The Soviet Union and the Marshall Plan,’ in S. Parish and M. Narinsky,
New Evidence on the Soviet Rejection of the Marshall Plan
,
1947: Two Reports
(Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, Washington DC, 1994), p. 45. This publication was issued by the Cold War International History Project which is based at the Woodrow Wilson Center and is numbered working paper 9.

32
Modin,
My Five Cambridge Friends
, p. 168.

33
Ibid
., p. 193.

34
Ibid
., p. 142.

35
Ibid
., pp. 145-6.

36
This, of course, raises a further counterfactual question which cannot be dealt with here: What if the United States had not stood firm?