Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals (76 page)

3
Paul Schmidt,
Hitler’s Interpreter
(London, 1951), p. 320.

4
Robert Rhodes James,
Churchill: A Study in Failure
,
1900-1939
(London, 1970). See also Robert Blake and Wm. Roger Louis (eds),
Churchill
(Oxford, 1993).

5
Martin Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth: Winston S. Churchill 1922-1939
(London, 1990 edn), p. 573.

6
Ibid
., p. 456n.

7
Roberts,
Holy Fox
, pp. 54-75.

8
Sunday Times
, 5, 12 and 19 July 1992.

9
Roberts,
Holy Fox
, p. 108.

10
J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds),
Nazism 1919-1945
, vol. III:
Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination
(Exeter, 1988), p. 741.

11
Sunday Times
,
loc
.
cit
. See also Michael Bloch,
Ribbentrop
(London, 1992), esp. pp. 233-62.

12
Geoffrey Stokes,
Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion: Nazi Ideology and Foreign Policy in the 1920s
(Leamington Spa/ Hamburg/New York, 1986), pp. 93ff.

13
Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, p. 667.

14
Ibid
., p. 746.

15
Richard Griffith,
Fellow Travellers of the Right: British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany, 1933-1938
(London, 1983).

16
Bloch,
Ribbentrop
, pp. 91-134.

17
See Andrew Roberts ‘The House of Windsor and the Politics of Appeasement’, in
Eminent Churchillians
(London, 1994), pp. 5-54.

18
Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, pp. 758f.

19
Willi A. Boelcke,
The Secret Conferences of Dr Goebbels, 1939-43
(London, n.d.), pp. 1-62.

20
Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, p. 777.

21
Ibid
., p. 783.

22
John Charmley,
Churchill: The End of Glory: A Political Biography
(London, 1993).

23
Ibid
., pp. 403f. See also Roberts,
Holy Fox
, pp. 210-28.

24
The Times
, 2 January 1993.

25
Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, pp. 674f.

26
Ibid
., p. 683.

27
Ibid
., pp. 692-6.

28
Ibid
., p. 738.

29
John Keegan,
The Second World War
(London, 1989), p. 214.

30
Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, p. 760.

31
Ibid
., p. 790. Emphasis in original.

32
Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth
, p. 1000.

33
General Heinz Guderian,
Panzer Leader
(London, 1952), p. 117.

34
See Alistair Horne,
To Lose a Battle
(London, 1969), pp. 611-16.

35
Norman Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State and the Course of Expansion
(New York/London, 1973), pp. 159ff.

36
Peter Fleming,
Invasion 1940
(London, 1957), p. 37. Cf. Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, pp. 783-6; Ronald Wheatley,
Operation Sea Lion: German Plans for the Invasion of England, 1939-1942
(Oxford, 1958).

37
Rich,
War Aims
, pp. 161ff. Further preparations were halted in August 1941 and the plan was effectively postponed
sine die
the following March.

38
Michael Glover,
Invasion Scare 1940
(London, 1990), p. 50.

39
In addition to the works already cited, a short bibliography must include Basil Collier,
The Defence of the United Kingdom
(London, 1957); David Lampe,
The Last Ditch
(London, 1968); Norman Longmate,
If Britain Had Fallen
(London, 1972); Adrian Gilbert,
Britain Invaded
(London, 1990); Peter Schenk,
Invasion of England 1940
(London, 1990); Kenneth Macksey,
Invasion: The German Invasion of England 1940
(London, 1980);
idem
(ed.),
The Hitler Options
(London, 1995).

40
See
Loopholes
(the journal of the Pillbox Study Group), vols I-VI.

41
Fleming,
Invasion 1940
, p. 35.

42
Ibid
., p. 293.

43
Glover,
Invasion Scare 1940
, p. 180; William Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
(London, 1964), pp. 912-13.

44
Schenk,
Invasion of England
, pp. 263-70; Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
p. 912.

45
Collier,
Defence of the United Kingdom
, p. 494.

46
Madeleine Bunting,
The Model Occupation: The Channel Islands under German Rule 1940-45
(London, 1995), p. 6. For an opposing view see Charles Cruikshank,
The German Occupation of the Channel Islands
(Oxford, 1975).

47
Sunday Times
, 29 January 1995.

48
Spectator
, 8 April 1995.

49
Gilbert,
Britain Invaded
, p. 100.

50
Lampe,
Last Ditch
, p. 152.

51
Fleming,
Invasion
1940, p. 266.

52
Bunting,
Model Occupation
, p. 6.

53
S. P. Mackenzie,
The Home Guard
(London, 1995), pp. 34ff.

54
Noël Coward,
The Lyrics of Noël Coward
(London, 1965), p. 275.

55
Lampe,
Last Ditch
, p. 60.

56
Philip Ziegler,
London at War
(London, 1995), p. 163.

57
Ibid
., p. 178.

58
Sunday
Telegraph
, 16 April 1995.

59
William Shirer,
The Collapse of the Third Republic
(London, 1969), p. 267.

60
Eugen Weber,
The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s
(London, 1995).

61
Nigel Nicolson (ed.),
Diaries and Letters of Harold Nicolson, 1939-45
(London, 1967).

62
Weber,
Hollow Years
, p. 19.

63
Shirer,
Collapse of the Third Republic
, pp. 188f.

64
Michael De-la-Noy,
The Queen Behind the Throne
(London, 1994), p. 119.

65
Longmate,
If Britain Had Fallen
, p. 115.

66
Fleming,
Invasion 1940
, p. 95.

67
Peter Wilkinson and Joan Astley,
Gubbins and SOE
(London, 1993), pp. 69-74.

68
Fleming,
Invasion 1940
, p. 293.

69
Wilkinson and Astley,
Gubbins
, p. 71.

70
Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, pp. 937f.

71
Bunting,
Model Occupation
, p. 113.

72
A. W. B. Simpson,
In the Highest Degree Odious
(London, 1992).

73
In fact, he was released in 1952, after serving just four years, joining the management of Porsche and the incipient West German secret service. I am grateful to Michael Burleigh for this reference.

74
Imperial War Museum,
The Black Book
(London, 1989).

75
Griffith,
Fellow Travellers of the Right
, pp. 222ff.

76
Interview with Sir Isaiah Berlin, 8 December 1988.

77
For the conspiracy theory see Gwynne Thomas,
King Pawn or Black Knight? The Sensational Story of the Treacherous Collusion between Edward, Duke of Windsor and Adolf Hitler
(London, 1995);
Guardian
, 13 November 1995, and
Observer
, 12 November 1995. For the historians’ response see Michael Bloch in the
Spectator
, 18 November 1995; John Grigg in
The Times
, 14 November 1995; Philip Ziegler in the
Daily Telegraph
, 17 November 1995; Andrew Roberts in the
Sunday Telegraph
, 19 November 1995.

78
William Joyce,
Twilight over England
(London, 1992), p. 50.

79
Allan Massie,
A Question of Loyalties
(London, 1989).

80
Hugh Trevor-Roper (ed.),
Hitler’s Table Talk
(London, 1953), p. 260.

81
Nicolson (ed.),
Diaries and Letters of Harold Nicolson
, p. 35.

82
Templewood Papers, Cambridge University Library, XIII/17.

83
Colin Cross,
Life with Lloyd George: The Diary of A. J. Sylvester
(London, 1975), p. 281.

84
Oswald Mosley,
My Life
(London, 1968), p. 401.

85
Ibid
., p. 402.

86
Trevor-Roper (ed.),
Table Talk
, p. 255.

87
Quoted in Tomas Munch Petersen, ‘Common Sense and Not Bravado: The Butler-Prytz Interview of 17 June 1940’,
Scandia
(1986).

88
Private information.

89
Lucjan Dobroszycki,
Reptile Journalism: The Official Polish-
Language
Press under the Nazis 1939-45
(New Haven, 1995).

90
International Currency Review
, Occasional Paper No. 4 (London, September 1993). See also Robert Edwin Herzstein,
When Nazi Dreams Come True
(London, 1982).

91
Interview with Christopher Beaumont, 5 February 1995.

92
Longmate,
If Britain Had Fallen
, p. 145.

93
Ibid
., p. 146.

94
Public Record Office, CAB 65/13 WM 142.

95
Guderian,
Panzer Leader
, p. 117.

96
Margery Allingham,
The Oaken Heart
(London, 1941), p. 163.

97
Douglas Dodds-Parker,
Setting Europe Ablaze
(London, 1983), p. 45.

1
Horst Boog, ’Die Luftwaffe‘, in
idem
et
al
,
Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion
(Frankfurt am Main, 1991), p.737. English-language work includes John Erickson,
The Road to Stalingrad
(London, 1993) and John Erickson and David Dilks (eds),
Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies
(Edinburgh, 1994). The best recent German works on the subject are Gerd Uberschär and Wolfram Wette (eds),
Der deutsche Überfall auf die Sowjetunion
(Frankfurt am Main, 1991); the outstanding collection edited by Wegner (see below n. 3) and the exhibition catalogue edited by Reinhard Rürup,
Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1941-1945
(Berlin, 1991).

2
Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham (eds)
Nazism 1919-1945
(Exeter, 1988), vol. III, pp. 818-19.

3
B. Kroener, ‘Der “erfrorene Blitzkrieg”. Strategische Planungen der deutschen Führung gegen die Sowjetunion und die Ursachen ihres Scheiterns’, in Bernd Wegner (ed.),
Zwei Wege nach Moscow
(Munich, 1991), p. 144.

4
Alan Clark,
Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict 1941-1945
(London, 1995), pp. 56ff., 80f., 88.

5
Bernd Wegner, ‘The Road to Defeat: The German Campaigns in Russia 1941-43’,
Journal of Strategic Studies
, 13 (1990), pp. 112f.

6
John Barber and Mark Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front 1941-1945
(London, 1991), p. 139.

7
A. M. Belikov, ‘Transfer de l’industrie Sovietique vers l‘Est (juin 1941-1942)’,
Revue d‘Histoire de la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale
, 11 (1961), p.48. On the Soviet war-effort see also Richard Overy’s outstanding
Why the Allies Won
(London, 1995), esp. pp. 63-100.

8
Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, p. 820.

9
Ibid
., p. 829.

10
Hitler’s Table Talk 1941-1944
, introduced by Hugh Trevor-Roper (Oxford, 1988), p. 319.

11
Wegner, ‘Road to Defeat,’ pp. 115f.

12
For the most recent German work on the battle see Wolfram Wette and Gerd Uberschär (eds),
Stalingrad
.
Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht
(Frankfurt am Main, 1993).

13
Wegner, ‘Road to Defeat’, p. 109.

14
Noakes and Pridham (eds),
Nazism
, vol. III, p. 1087.

15
For revisionist and post-revisionist views on the German army in Russia see O. Bartov,
Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich
(Oxford, 1991), and Theo Schulte,
The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia
(Oxford, 1989). The most recent work in this field is comprehensively represented in Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann (eds),
Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941- 1944
(Hamburg, 1995).

16
Matthew Cooper,
The Phantom War: The German Struggle against Soviet Partisans 1941-1945
(London, 1979), pp. 56f. This remains the most useful account of the partisan war.

17
Ruth Bettina Birn, ‘Zweierlei Wirklichkeit? Fallbeispiel zur Partisanbekampfung im Osten’, in Wegner (ed.),
Zwei Wege
, p. 283.

18
Cooper,
Phantom War
, pp. 83-8.

19
Len Deighton,
SS-GB
(London, 1978); Robert Harris,
Fatherland
(London, 1992); Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen,
1945
(New York, 1995).