Undocumented : How Immigration Became Illegal (9780807001684) (35 page)

25.
Wayne A. Cornelius, “Impacts of the 1986 US Immigration Law on Emigration from Rural Mexican Sending Communities,” in Bean, Edmonston, and Passel,
Undocumented Migration
, 243.

26.
See Nevins,
Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond
, 105.

27.
Proposition 187: Text of proposed law,
http://www.americanpatrol.com/REFERENCE/prop187text.html
.

28.
Ruben J. Garcia, “Critical Race Theory and Proposition 187: The Racial Politics of Immigration Law,”
Chicano-Latino Law Review
17, no. 118 (1995): 130.

29.
Nevins,
Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond
, 108.

30.
Michelle Alexander,
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
(New York: New Press, 2010), 47.

31.
Ibid., 42.

32.
Ibid., 54.

33.
Nevins,
Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond
, 110.

34.
Ibid., 4, quoting US Border Patrol, “Border Patrol Strategic Plan: 1994 and Beyond,” 1994, 114.

35.
Nevins,
Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond
, 12.

36.
Wade Goodwyn, “Texas Republicans Take Harder Line on Immigration,” National Public Radio, March 29, 2011,
http://www.npr.org/2011/03/29/134956690/texas-republicans-take-harder-line-on-immigration
.

37.
“Statement by Gov. Rick Perry on Immigration and Border Security,” press release, April 29, 2010,
http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/14574/
.

38.
“Statement by Gov. Perry Regarding SCOTUS Decision on Arizona Law,” press release, June 25, 2012,
http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/17373/
.

39.
Tim Eaton, “Perry Blasts Arizona Ruling But Ready to Push Sanctuary City Bill Again,”
Austin Statesman
, June 25, 2012.

40.
Text of Bush immigration speech, January 7, 2004, available on a number of websites, including PBS,
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/jan-june04/workers_bg_01–07.html.ye
.

41.
Irene Bloemraad, Kim Voss, and Taeku Lee, “The Protests of 2006: What They Were, How Do We Understand Them, Where Do They Go?,” in
Rallying for Immigrant Rights: The Fight for Inclusion in 21st Century America
, ed. Kim Voss and Irene Bloemraad (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 3–4.

42.
Beth Baker-Cristales, “Mediated Resistance: The Construction of Neoliberal Citizenship in the Immigrant Rights Movement,”
Latino Studies
7, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 61.

43.
Bloemraad, Voss, and Lee, “The Protests of 2006,” 23.

44.
See Sarah Anne Wright, “‘Freedom Ride’ Focuses Attention on Immigrants’ Rights,”
Seattle Times
, September 21, 2003. See also Randy Shaw, “Building the Labor-Clergy-Immigrant Alliance,” in
Rallying for Immigrant Rights
, ed. Voss and Bloemraad, 82–100.

45.
Shaw, “Building the Labor-Clergy-Immigrant Alliance.”

46.
John F. Harris, “Bush’s Hispanic Vote Dissected,”
Washington Post
, December 26, 2004.

47.
Mark Hugo Lopez, “The Hispanic Vote in the 2008 Election,” Pew Hispanic Center, November 8, 2008,
http://www.pewhispanic.org/2008/11/05/the-hispanic-vote-in-the-2008-election/;
Donna St. George and Brady Dennis, “Growing Share of Hispanic Voters Helped Push Obama to Victory,”
Washington Post
, November 7, 2012.

48.
Rinku Sen, “Immigrants Are Losing the Policy Fight. But That’s Beside the Point,”
Colorlines
, September 17, 2012,
http://colorlines.com/archives/2012/09/immigrants_are_losing_the_political_fight_but_thats_beside_the_point.html
.

49.
Drew Westen, “Immigrating from Facts to Values: Political Rhetoric in the US Immigration Debate,” Migration Policy Institute, 2009,
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/TCM-politicalrhetoric-Westen.pdf
.

50.
Stan Greenberg, James Carville, Mark Feierstein, and Al Quinlan, “Winning the Immigration Issue: A Report on New National Survey on Immigration,” December 18, 2007, Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research,
http://www.gqrr.com/articles/2120/4038_Democracy_Corps_December_18_2007_Immigration_Memo.pdf
.

51.
Jorge Ramos interview with then-candidate Barack Obama, May 28, 2008,
This Week
, ABC, July 4, 2010, Politifact.com,
http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/promises/obameter/promise/525/introduce-comprehensive-immigration-bill-first-yea/
.

52.
“Obama’s Remarks to NALEO,” June 28, 2008,
Real Clear Politics
,
http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/06/obamas_remarks_to_naleo.html
.

53.
Carrie Budoff Brown, “Dems’ Tough New Immigration Pitch,”
Politico
, June 10, 2010,
http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0610/38342.html
.

54.
“Transcript of President Obama’s Press Conference,”
New York Times
, November 14, 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/us/politics/running-transcript-of-president-obamas-press-conference.html
.

55.
Gabriel Thompson, “How the Right Made Racism Sound Fair—and Changed Immigration Politics,”
Colorlines
, September 13, 2011,
http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/09/how_the_right_made_racist_rhetoric_sound_neutral—and_shaped_immigration_politics.html
.

56.
Spencer S. Hsu, “Obama Revives Bush Idea of Using E-Verify to Catch Illegal Contract Workers,”
Washington Post
, July 9, 2009.

57.
John Morton, “Civil Immigration Enforcement: Priorities for the Apprehension, Detention, and Removal of Aliens,” June 30, 2010,
http://www.ice.gov/doclib/detention-reform/pdf/civil_enforcement_priorities.pdf;
John Morton, “Memorandum,” June 17, 2011,
http://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/prosecutorial-discretion-memo.pdf
.

58.
John Simanski and Lesley M. Sapp, “Immigration Enforcement Actions: 2011,” US Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, September 2012,
http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/enforcement_ar_2011.pdf
.

59.
US Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “FY 2012: ICE announces year-end removal numbers,” December 21, 2012,
http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1212/121221washingtondc2.htm
.

60.
Ben Winograd, “ICE Numbers on Prosecutorial Discretion Keep Sliding Downward,” Immigration Impact, July 30, 2012,
http://immigrationimpact.com/2012/07/30/ice-numbers-on-prosecutorial-discretion-sliding-downward/;
“ICE Prosecutorial Discretion Program: Latest Details as of June 28, 2012,” Syracuse University Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC) Immigration,
http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/287/
.

61.
Sen, “Immigrants Are Losing the Policy Fight.”

62.
The campaign is described on the
Colorlines
website,
http://colorlines.com/droptheiword/
.

63.
Craig Kopp, “Associated Press Recommends Media Stop Using ‘Illegal Immigrant,’” WUSF News, April 12, 2013,
http://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/post/associated-press-recommends-media-stop-using-illegal-immigrant
.

64.
Adam Clark Estes, “
L.A. Times
Ban on ‘Illegal Immigrant’ Puts Everybody Else on the Spot,”
Atlantic Wire
, May 1, 2013,
http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/05/new-la-times-ban-illegal-immigrant-puts-everybody-else-spot/64795/
.

65.
Ruben Navarrette, “DREAMers Are Pushing Their Luck,” CNN
Opinion
, December 19, 2012,
http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/19/opinion/navarette-dreamers/index.html
.

66.
Frederick Douglass, “West India Emancipation,” August 3, 1857. Reproduced at
http://www.blackpast.org/?q=1857-frederick-douglass-if-there-no-struggle-there-no-progress
.

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

Abrego, Leisy, 89–90

adoption of children of deported parents, 159, 162

Affordable Care Act (2010), 92, 178–79

AFL-CIO, 13, 15, 191, 197–98

African Americans: citizenship of, 10; criminalization and mass incarceration of, 15–18, 109; freedom to travel, 33, 34; Jim Crow system, 2, 14, 27, 38; removal from the labor force, 18, 38–39; slavery, 9, 30, 31, 32, 183; and welfare reform, 193.
See also
civil rights movement

African immigrants, 136

agriculture and US agricultural system: as employer of undocumented workers, 11, 13; and employer sanctions, 123; labor contracting, 52–53, 57, 68, 74–76, 123–24; labor shortages, 55, 126–27, 143; percentage of undocumented workers in, 118; productivity of American vs. migrant workers, 127; structural need for undocumented labor, 120–21; unsustainability of, 128–29.
See also
Bracero Program; labor recruitment and contracting; migrant workers

Agriprocessors plant raid, 117, 136–40

Alexander, Michelle, 15–18, 38–39

Alien Registration Act (1940), 59

American Baptist Church v. Thornburgh
(1990), 88–89, 189

American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 110–11

American workers, 121, 124–25, 127, 143

“amnesty,” 196

“anchor babies,” 159

Anguiano, Claudia, 170

Applied Research Center, 206–7

Arandas, Jalisco, Mexico, 52–54

Arizona, 3, 6, 84–85, 110–12, 141, 179, 194–95

Asian immigrants, 10–11, 28, 33–35, 120

Asiatic Barred Zone, 28

Associated Press, 207

asylum, 69, 88–90, 104, 189

attitudes about immigration: of European immigrants, 10; and freedom to travel, 40–41; immigrants as lawbreakers, 1, 15, 17–18, 67, 69, 201; media use of “illegal immigrant” term, 46–47, 206–7

Benton-Cohn, Katherine, 182

Berlin, Irving, 44–45

birth certificates, 93–94, 95

Border Crossing Cards, 71–72

border crossings, 73–76, 77–82, 154–58

border enforcement policies: border militarization, 62; harm to migrants from, 82–85; and migration patterns, 152, 204; as political issue, 192–93, 200–201; unintended consequences of, 185, 187

Border Patrol, 3–4, 54, 83–85, 100, 155

Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue (BORSTAR), 85

Border Security, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act, 169, 180

Borjas, George, 149

Bracero Program, 11, 55–59, 63, 121–22, 135

Brazilian immigrants, 78

Brownell, Herbert, 58

Burmese immigrants, 136

Bush (George W.) administration: border enforcement under, 78–79; immigration agenda, 195–96, 198; immigration as political issue during, 194, 200; Secure Communities program, 107, 202; workplace raids under, 116–17

California: agricultural reliance on migrant labor, 11, 61, 121–22; California-Mexico border, 83–84, 85; immigrant-supported lifestyle in, 144–45; in-state tuition for undocumented students, 167–68; Operation Gatekeeper, 82–84, 193; Proposition 187, 192–93

California Landscape Contractors Association, 143

Camayd-Freixas, Erik, 69, 137–39

Canada, reentry through, 46

Cardin, Ben, 176

Caribbean islands, 42

Carl, Steven, 98

Catholic Church, 197

Central American immigrants: children detained and deported, 155–58; increase in number of, 48, 154, 156; journey to US border, 77–82; reasons for migrating, 64–69; temporary protected status for, 89–90; US policies leading to migration of, 158, 186–87, 189.
See also
Guatemalan immigrants

Central American Refugee Center (CARECEN), 189

Chacón, Oscar, 202

Chaparro, James, 106–7

Chavez, Leo, 101–2

Chavez-Thompson, Linda, 191

Chicano movement, 188–89

child-care industry, 144–47

children: border crossings made by, 74; child welfare system, 161–62; citizen children of undocumented parents, 140, 153; DACA program, 90, 174–79; detention and deportation of, 154–59; foster care, 159; immigration law regarding, 152; loss of parents to deportation, 158–62; public benefits eligibility, 92; school achievement of immigrants, 166–67; “transition to illegality,” 162–66.
See also
families; undocumented youth

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 11, 33, 46, 120

Chinese immigrants, 10–11, 28, 34–35, 120

Christianity and colonialism, 26, 29–32

citizenship: pathways to, 43, 168, 174, 177, 200–201, 205; by place of birth, 10, 35, 36; and race, 32–34, 183

citizens of US: children of undocumented parents, 143, 152–54; deportation of citizens of Mexican origin, 59; freedom to travel of, 40–41; jobs undesirable to, 118, 121, 124–25, 127, 143

civil disobedience, 170

civil rights movement: and 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, 184–85; elimination of race-based discrimination, 35; on employer sanctions, 115–16; and freedom to travel, 33; and guest workers, 11, 60; and mass incarceration of African Americans and immigrants, 15–18; and racism, 2.
See also
African Americans

civil vs. criminal immigration violations, 98–100, 104–6, 106–7, 138–39, 203–4

Clark, Victor, 49–50, 51–52

Clinton administration, 144, 192–93

Colbert, Stephen, 125

colonialism, legacy of, 9, 26–29, 30–32, 37–38, 181–82

coming out as undocumented, 163–64, 170, 178

Compa, Lance, 133–34

company towns, 55

comprehensive immigration reform, 144, 169, 180, 189–92, 196

Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act (S.2611), 169

construction industry, 119, 130–33

consulting firms (political), 198–203

consumer benefits of illegality, 14, 101, 128, 142, 151, 181–82, 186–87

Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), 108–11