Undocumented : How Immigration Became Illegal (9780807001684) (33 page)

8.
Workers Defense Project,
Build a Better Texas: Construction Working Conditions in the Lone Star State
, January 2013,
http://www.workersdefense.org/Build%20a%20Better%20Texas_FINAL.pdf;
Wade Goodwyn, “Construction Booming in Texas, But Many Workers Pay Dearly,” National Public Radio, April 10, 2013,
http://www.npr.org/2013/04/10/176677299/construction-booming-in-texas-but-many-workers-pay-dearly
.

9.
Laurel E. Fletcher, Phuong Pham, Eric Stover, and Patrick Vinck, “Rebuilding After Katrina: A Population-Based Study of Labor and Human Rights in New Orleans,” International Human Rights Law Clinic, Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California Berkeley; Human Rights Center, University of California, Berkeley; and Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer, Tulane University, June 2006, 5,
http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/rebuilding_after_katrina.pdf
.

10.
Associated Press, “Study: Immigrant Workers Endure Hazardous Conditions, Abuse Post-Katrina,”
USA Today
, June 7, 2006.

11.
Fletcher et al., “Rebuilding After Katrina,” 12.

12.
Ibid., 14.

13.
Susan Carroll, “Undocumented Workers Will Be Linchpin of Ike Cleanup,”
Houston Chronicle
, September 25, 2008,
http://www.chron.com/news/hurricanes/article/Undocumented-workers-will-be-linchpin-in-Ike-1766107.php
.

14.
Martin, “Migration and Competitiveness,” 8–9.

15.
Lance A. Compa,
Blood, Sweat, and Fear: Workers’ Rights in US Meat and Poultry Plants
(New York: Human Rights Watch, 2004), 7.

16.
Jerry Kammer, “The 2006 Swift Raids: Assessing the Impact of Immigration Enforcement Actions at Six Facilities,” Center for Immigration Studies, March 2009, 5,
http://www.cis.org/articles/2009/back309.pdf
.

17.
Martin, “Migration and Competitiveness,” 3.

18.
See Sherry L. Edwards, director of Legislative and Regulatory Affairs, American Meat Institute, “Operation Vanguard,” prepared for the USDA Agricultural Outlook Forum, February, 2000, 1,
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/33429/1/fo00ed01.pdf
.

19.
Ibid., 1.

20.
Kammer, “2006 Swift Raids,” 3.

21.
United Food and Commercial Workers, “Raids on Workers: Destroying Our Rights,” n.d., 18,
http://www.icemisconduct.org/
.

22.
Kammer, “2006 Swift Raids,” 3.

23.
Nathanial Popper, “How the Rubashkins Changed the Way Jews Eat in America,”
Jewish Daily Forward
, December 11, 2008,
http://forward.com/articles/14716/how-the-rubashkins-changed-the-way-jews-eat-in-ame-/
.

24.
Ibid.

25.
Maggie Jones, “Postville, Iowa Is Up for Grabs,”
New York Times Magazine
, July 11, 2012.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Nathanial Popper, “In Iowa Meat Plant, Kosher ‘Jungle’ Breeds Fear, Injury, Short Pay,”
Jewish Daily Forward
, May 26, 2006,
http://forward.com/articles/1006/in-iowa-meat-plant-kosher-ejunglee-breeds-fea/
.

28.
Jones, “Postville Iowa Is Up for Grabs.”

29.
Times Wire Reports, “Guilty Plea in Postville Raid,”
Los Angeles Times
, August 21, 2008,
http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/21/nation/na-briefs21.S2
.

30.
US House of Representatives, “Statement of Dr. Erik Camayd-Freixas, Federally Certified Interpreter at the US District Court for the Northern District of Iowa, Regarding a Hearing on ‘The Arrest, Prosecution, and Conviction of 297 Undocumented Workers in Postville, Iowa, from May 12 to 22, 2008,’” before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law, July 24, 2008,
http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Camayd-Freixas080724.pdf
.

31.
Ibid., 10–11.

32.
Jones, “Postville, Iowa Is Up for Grabs.”

33.
Liz Goodwin, “Years after Immigration Raid, Iowa Town Feels Poorer and Less Stable,” Yahoo News/The Lookout, December 7, 2011,
http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/years-immigration-raid-iowa-town-feels-poorer-less-133035414.html
.

34.
Helen O’Neill, “Parents Deported, What Happens to US-Born Kids?” Associated Press, August 25, 2012,
http://m.yahoo.com/
.

35.
Richard M. Stana, “Employment Verification: Federal Agencies Have Taken Steps to Improve E-Verify, But Significant Challenges Remain,” United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), December 2010,
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11146.pdf
.

36.
California and Illinois prohibited states and localities from requiring employers to use the program. Illinois also tried to prohibit the use of E-Verify in the state, but that law was overturned in court. See National Conference of State Legislatures, “E-Verify,”
http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/immig/e-verify-faq.aspx
.

37.
Stana, “Employment Verification”; GAO,
Immigration Enforcement: Weaknesses Hinder Employment Verification and Worksite Enforcement Efforts
, GAO-05–813 (Washington, DC: August 31, 2005); GAO,
Employment Verification: Challenges Exist in Implementing a Mandatory Electronic Employment Verification System
, GAO-08–895T (Washington, DC: June 10, 2008).

38.
See Frank Sharry, “The Truth about E-Verify,”
Huffington Post
, May 25, 2011,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/frank-sharry/the-truth-about-everify_b_865649.html
.

39.
John J. Haydu, Alan W. Hodges, and Charles R. Hall, “Economic Impacts of the Turfgrass and Lawncare Industry in the United States,” University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, FE 632 (2006), 5,
http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/economic-impact-analysis/pdf/FE63200.pdf
.

40.
Krissah Williams, “Lawn Care Entrepreneur Faces a Changing Racial Landscape,”
Washington Post
, February 5, 2007,
http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/economic-impact-analysis/pdf/FE63200.pdf
.

41.
California Landscape Contractors Association, Immigration Reform Center, updated July 2010,
http://www.clca.us/immigration/view.html#pt8
.

42.
In the case of Kimba Wood, the employment took place before the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act made it illegal to hire an undocumented person. See Robert Pear, “Judge’s Hiring of Illegal Alien in 1980s Did Not Violate Immigration Law,”
New York Times
, February 6, 1993.

43.
Maria Cramer and Maria Sacchetti, “More Immigrant Woes for Romney,”
Boston Globe
, December 5, 2007.

44.
Michael Falcone, “Housekeeper Nicky Diaz: Meg Whitman Treated Me Like a Piece of Garbage,” ABC News, September 29, 2010,
http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meg-whitmans-housekeeper-treated-piece-garbage/story?id=11758365#.UX65GKJ9uCg
.

45.
Mike Allen and Jim VandeHei, “Homeland Security Nominee Kerik Pulls Out,”
Washington Post
, December 11, 2004.

46.
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo,
Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 3.

47.
Ibid., 7.

48.
Ibid., 3.

49.
Ibid., 6.

50.
Ibid., 9.

51.
Ibid., 3–4.

52.
For a general discussion of the “new destinations” for Latino immigration, see Douglas Massey, ed.,
New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2008). One new destination that stands out is North Carolina, where the Hispanic population rose by 111 percent between 2000 and 2010, reaching 8.4 percent of the state’s population. Sixty-one percent of these were Mexicans. North Carolina had the eleventh largest Latino population in the country. See North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, “The Hispanic or Latino Population, 2011,”
http://www.ncdhhs.gov/aging/cprofile/Hispanic_Latino2010.pdf
. Washington State’s Hispanic population also grew, by 71 percent, to 755,790. See Sharon R. Ennis, Merarys Ríos-Vargas, and Nora G. Albert, “The Hispanic Population: 2010,” 2010 Census Brief, May 2011,
http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf
.

53.
Michael De Masi, “Nannies a Growth Industry in Slow Economy,”
Business Review
, July 15, 2011,
http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/print-edition/2011/07/15/nannies-a-growth-industry-in-slow.html?page=all
.

54.
“More Parents Opting for Nannies over Day Care,”
Arizona Republic
, September 10, 2007,
http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/09/10/62548-more-parents-opting-for-nannies-over-day-care/
.

55.
Barbara Presley Noble, “At Work: Solving the Zoe Baird Problem,
New York Times
, July 3, 1994.

56.
For the 81 percent figure, see Associated Press, “While You Were Sleeping, the Paper Boy Grew Up,” April 25, 2006,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12485231/#.UA7VVvXF-So
.

57.
See John Moran, “Newspaper Carriers as Independent Contractors,” Connecticut Office of Legislative Research, April 13, 2006,
http://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0288.htm
.

58.
“S. D. California Certifies 23(b)(3) Class of Newspaper Home Delivery Carriers,” August 4, 2010, California Wage and Hour Law, Archive for the “Employee/Independent Contractor” Category,
http://calwages.com/category/employeeindependent-contractor/
.

59.
Flyer in author’s possession, from January 2011.

60.
See George J. Borjas, Jeffrey Grogger, and Gordon H. Hanson, “Immigration and the Economic Status of African-American Men,”
Economica
77 (2010): 255–82,
http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/gborjas/publications/journal/Economica2010.pdf
.

61.
See, for example, Julie L. Hotchkiss, Myriam Quispe-Agnoli, and Fernando Rios-Avila, “The Wage Impact of Undocumented Workers,” Federal Reserve Bank of Georgia, Working Paper 2012–4, March 2012; Giovanni Peri, “Immigrants, Skills, and Wages: Measuring the Economic Gains from Immigration,” Immigration Policy Center, March 2006; David Card, “Is the New Immigration Really So Bad?,” University of California, Berkeley, January 2005.

62.
Raúl Hinojosa-Ojeda and Marshall Fitz, “A Rising Tide or a Shrinking Pie: The Economic Impact of Legalization Versus Deportation in Arizona,” Center for American Progress, March 24, 2011,
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/03/rising_tide.html
.

63.
Eric Clark, introduction,
The Real Toy Story: The Ruthless Battle for Today’s Youngest Consumers
(New York: Simon & Schuster/Free Press, 2007).

CHAPTER 7: CHILDREN AND FAMILIES

1.
Pew Hispanic Center, “Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos Come of Age in America,” December 2009, 7,
http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/117.pdf
.

2.
Cecilia Menjívar, “Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants’ Lives in the United States,”
American Journal of Sociology
111, no. 4 (January 2006).

3.
John Santucci, Chris Good, and Shushannah Walshe, “Everything Romney Said to Explain Away Loss,” ABC News, November 15, 2012,
http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/obamas-gifts-small-campaign-bill-clintons-thoughtsromneys-parting/story?id=17727179#.ULPLkYZ62So
.

4.
Human Rights Watch, “Slipping Through the Cracks: Unaccompanied Children Detained by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service” (Human Rights Watch Children’s Project, 1997), 2 and note 3,
http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/04/01/slipping-through-cracks
.

5.
US Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, “Unaccompanied Juveniles in INS Custody,” September 28, 2001, chap. 1,
http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/INS/e0109/chapter1.htm
.

6.
Jacqueline Bhabha and Susan Schmidt, “Seeking Asylum Alone: Unaccompanied and Separated Children and Refugee Protection in the US,” Harvard University Committee on Human Rights Studies, 2006, 6; Women’s Refugee Commission and Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP, “Halfway Home: Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Custody,” February 2009, 4,
http://womensrefugeecommission.org/press-room/716-unaccompanied?q=halfway+home;
Amy Thompson, “A Child Alone and Without Papers: A Report on the Return and Repatriation of Unaccompanied Undocumented Children by the United States,” Center for Public Policy Priorities, September 2008, 7,
http://www.aecf.org/;
Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Inspector General, “Division of Unaccompanied Children’s Services: Efforts to Serve Children,” March 2008,
https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-07–06–00290.pdf
.

7.
Olga Byrne and Elise Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children through the Immigration System,” Vera Institute of Justice, Center for Immigration and Justice, March 2012, 6,
https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-07–06–00290.pdf
.

8.
Women’s Refugee Commission et al., “Halfway Home,” 4.

9.
Byrne and Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children,” 14.

10.
Julia Preston, “Young and Alone, Facing Court and Deportation,”
New York Times
, August 25, 2012.

11.
Bhabha and Schmidt, “Seeking Asylum Alone,” 7.

12.
Byrne and Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children,” 5.

13.
Betsy Cavendish and Maru Cortazar, “Children at the Border: The Screening, Protection, and Repatriation of Unaccompanied Mexican Minors,” Appleseed, 2001, 1,
http://appleseednetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Children-At-The-Border1.pdf
.