Undocumented : How Immigration Became Illegal (9780807001684) (34 page)

14.
Byrne and Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children,” 31.

15.
Preston, “Young and Alone.”

16.
Terry Greene Sterling, “Undocumented Kids Crossing the US Border Alone in Increasing Numbers,”
Daily Beast
, March 23, 2013,
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/23/undocumented-kids-crossing-the-u-s-border-alone-in-increasing-numbers.html
.

17.
Jessica Jones and Jennifer Podkul, “Forced from Home: The Lost Boys and Girls of Central America,” Women’s Refugee Commission, October 2012, 1–2,
http://wrc.ms/WuG8lM
.

18.
Ibid., 8.

19.
Ibid., 7.

20.
Ibid., 1.

21.
Ibid., 13.

22.
Seth Freed Wessler, “Shattered Families: The Perilous Intersection of Immigration Enforcement and the Child Welfare System,” Applied Research Center, November, 2011, 5,
http://arc.org/shatteredfamilies
; Seth Freed Wessler, “US Deports 46K Parents with Citizen Kids in Just Six Months,”
Colorlines
, November 3, 2011,
http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/11/shocking_data_on_parents_deported_with_citizen_children.html
.

23.
Nina Rabin, “Disappearing Parents: A Report on Immigration Enforcement and the Child Welfare System,” University of Arizona, Southwest Institute for Research on Women, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Bacon Immigration Law and Policy Program, James E. Rogers College of Law, May 2011, 31,
http://www.law.arizona.edu/depts/bacon_program/pdf/disappearing_parents_report_final.pdf
.

24.
John Morton, “Memorandum,” June 17, 2011,
http://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/prosecutorial-discretion-memo.pdf
.

25.
Helen O’Neill, “Parents Deported,” Associated Press, August 25, 2012. See also Rabin, “Disappearing Parents.”

26.
Helen O’Neill, “U.S.-Born Kids of Deported Parents Struggle as Family Life is ‘Destroyed,’”
Huffington Post
, August 25, 2012,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/25/us-born-kids-deported-parents_n_1830496.html?utm_hp_ref=immigrants
.

27.
Women’s Refugee Commission et al., “Halfway Home,” 9.

28.
Rabin, “Disappearing Parents,” 10.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Ibid., 28.

31.
O’Neill, “US-Born Kids of Deported Parents.”

32.
Julia Preston and John H. Cushman Jr., “Obama Permits Young Migrants to Remain in US,”
New York Times
, June 15, 2012.

33.
Nidia Tapia, “A Take on the Internal US-Mexico Border by an Undocumented Student,” unpublished undergraduate seminar paper, Pomona College, May 2013.

34.
The Court’s decision and other relevant documents are available through the Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute,
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0457_0202_ZS.html
.

35.
Jose Antonio Vargas, “My Life as an Undocumented Immigrant,”
New York Times Magazine
, June 22, 2011.

36.
Roberto G. Gonzalez, “Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood,”
American Sociological Review
76, no. 4 (2011): 603.

37.
Ibid., 605.

38.
Tapia, “A Take on the Internal US-Mexico Border.”

39.
Carola Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco, and Irina Todorova,
Learning a New Land: Immigrant Students in American Society
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 31. See also Angela Valenzuela,
Subtractive Schooling: US-Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999). “The record of achievement among . . . immigrant youth is significantly higher than that of their US-born, second- and third+-generation counterparts,” 8.

40.
William Pérez,
We Are Americans: Undocumented Students Pursuing the American Dream
(Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, 2009), vii–viii.

41.
Michael A. Olivas,
No Undocumented Child Left Behind: Plyler v. Doe and the Education of Undocumented Schoolchildren
(New York: New York University Press, 2012), 66; National Conference of State Legislatures, “Undocumented Student Tuition: Federal Action,” May 2011,
http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/undocumented-student-tuition-federal-action.aspx;
William Pérez,
Americans By Heart: Undocumented Latino Students and the Promise of Higher Education
(New York: Teachers College Press, 2011), 6.

42.
National Immigration Law Center, “Basic Facts about In-State Tuition,” May 2013,
http://www.nilc.org/basic-facts-instate.html
.

43.
Pérez,
We Are Americans
, xxvi.

44.
Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation, “Revenues from Undocumented Immigrants Paying In-State Rates,” July 18, 2011,
http://www.masstaxpayers.org/sites/masstaxpayers.org/files/In-state%20tuition.pdf
.

45.
The various versions of the act are posted online at
http://www.dreamactivist.org/text-of-dream-act-legislation/
.

46.
See Vamos Unidos Youth, “Latino Youth Defines Dream Act as De Facto Military Draft,” WESPAC Foundation,
http://wespac.org/2010/09/21/dream-act-as-military-draft/
.

47.
Jean Batalova and Margie McHugh, “DREAM vs. Reality: An Analysis of Potential DREAM Act Beneficiaries,” Migration Policy Institute, July 2010,
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/DREAM-Insight-July2010.pdf
.

48.
Claudia Anguiano, “Undocumented, Unapologetic, and Unafraid: Discursive Strategies of the Immigrant Youth DREAM Social Movement,” PhD diss., University of New Mexico, 2011, xi.

49.
Julia Preston, “Young Immigrants Say It’s Obama’s Time to Act,”
New York Times
, November 30, 2012.

50.
Jose Antonio Vargas, “Not Legal, Not Leaving,”
Time
, June 25, 2012,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2117243–7,00.html
.

51.
Daniel Altschuler, “DREAMing of Citizenship: An Interview with Gaby Pacheco,”
Huffington Post
, December 15, 2010,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-altschuler/dreaming-of-citizenship-a_b_797391.html
.

52.
Julia Preston, “Advocates of Immigration Overhaul Alter Tactics in New Push,”
New York Times
, January 1, 2010.

53.
Vargas, “Not Legal, Not Leaving,” 2.

54.
Ibid., 9.

55.
Preston, “Young Immigrants Say It’s Obama’s Time to Act.”

56.
Alexander Bolton, “Republicans Seeking Out Hispanics,”
Hill
, March 27, 2012,
http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/218307-republicans-seeking-out-hispanics
.

57.
Preston, “Young Immigrants Say It’s Obama’s Time to Act.”

58.
Peter Wallsten, “Marco Rubio’s Dream Act Alternative a Challenge for Obama on Immigration,”
Washington Post
, April 25, 2012.

59.
“Full Transcript of Obama’s Speech on His New Immigration Policy,”
Washington Post
, June 15, 2012.

60.
Pew Hispanic Center, “Up to 1.4 Million Unauthorized Immigrants Could Benefit from New Deportation Policy,” June 15, 2012,
http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/06/15/up-to-1–4-million-unauthorized-immigrants-could-benefit-from-new-deportation-policy/
.

61.
US Citizenship and Immigration Service, “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process,” August 16–September 13, 2012,
http://www.uscis.gov
.

62.
US Citizenship and Immigration Service, “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process,” August 16–October 10, 2012,
http://www.uscis.gov
.

63.
US Citizenship and Immigration Service, “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process,” August 15, 2012 to March 31, 2013,
http://www.uscis.gov
.

64.
Grace Meng, “Immigration Waivers Leave Migrant Children Behind,”
USA Today
, August 28, 2012.

65.
Robert Menendez Press Office, “Menendez, Durbin, Reid, 30 Others Introduce the DREAM Act,” May 11, 2011,
http://www.menendez.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/?id=6e1282d4–4ec2–468b-8004–3370ba94a438
.

66.
Julianne Hing, “Michelle Rhee Joins Parent Blame Game in DREAM Act Support,”
Colorlines
, July 7, 2011,
http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/07/michelle_rhee_supports_the_dream_act.html
.

67.
Tapia, “A Take on the Internal US-Mexico Border.”

68.
Seth Freed Wessler, “Dust Off Those Old Immigration Reform Deals? Not So Fast,”
Colorlines
, November 13, 2012,
http://colorlines.com/archives/2012/11/republicans_back_immigration_reform_but_advocates_keep_pressure_on_white_house.html
.

69.
Julia Preston, “Young Leaders Cast a Wider Net for Immigration Reform,”
New York Times
, December 2, 2012.

70.
Kirk Semple, “Undocumented Life Is a Hurdle as Immigrants Seek a Reprieve,”
New York Times
, October 3, 2012.

71.
Susan Carroll, “Hope Turns to Despair for Many Trying To Stay in US,”
Houston Chronicle
, November 26, 2012.

72.
Robert Pear, “Limits Placed on Immigrants in Health Care,”
New York Times
, September 17, 2012.

73.
Serena Maria Daniels, “Michigan’s Immigrant Youths Put in Legal Limbo,”
Detroit News
, December 3, 2012,
http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20121203/METRO/212030340#ixzz2E38J3Bv5
.

74.
Jorge Rivas, “Did Obama’s Victory Speech Include Nod to Dreamers?”
Colorlines
, November 7, 2012,
http://colorlines.com/archives/2012/11/did_obamas_victory_speech_ include_nod_to_dreamers.html
.

CHAPTER 8: SOLUTIONS

1.
Katherine Benton-Cohen,
Borderline Americans: Racial Division and Labor War in the Arizona Borderlands
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 7.

2.
Ibid., 8–9.

3.
Nicholas De Genova,
Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and “Illegality” in Mexican Chicago
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 91–92.

4.
Ibid., 92, quoting Kitty Calavita,
Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I.N.S
. (New York: Routledge, 1992), 180.

5.
De Genova,
Working the Boundaries
, 93.

6.
Ibid., 224.

7.
Marc Georges Pufong, “Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965,” in
The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties
, vol. 1, ed. Paul Finkelman (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2006), 796–97.

8.
De Genova,
Working the Boundaries
, 230.

9.
Douglas S. Massey and Karen A. Pren, “Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America,”
Population and Development Review
38, no. 1 (March 2012): 4,
http://www.princeton.edu/coverstories/Massey_LatinAmericaImmigrationSurge/Unintended=Consequences.pdf
.

10.
Ibid., 2.

11.
Ibid., 17–18.

12.
Ibid., 19–20.

13.
Ibid., 20.

14.
See David Bacon,
Illegal People: How Globalization Creates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2008), and David Bacon,
The Right to Stay Home
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2013), for further discussion of how US policies foster out-migration. For US policy in Latin America more generally, see Greg Grandin,
Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism
(New York: Henry Holt, 2006).

15.
Jacqueline Stevens,
States without Nations: Citizenship for Mortals
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 45.

16.
I would like to thank Oscar Chacón of NALAAC for sharing his thoughts on the history of these various immigration reform agendas and allowing me to incorporate his ideas in this section.

17.
Joseph Nevins,
Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond: The War on “Illegals” and the Remaking of the US–Mexico Boundary
, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2010), 140.

18.
David G. Gutiérrez,
Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).

19.
Alma Martínez, “Pancho Villa’s Head: The Mexican Revolution and the Chicano Dramatic Imagination,” Pomona College Oldenborg Lunch Series, April 25, 2013.

20.
Karen Woodrow and Jeffrey Passel, “Post-IRCA Undocumented Immigration to the United States: An Assessment Based on the June, 1988 CPS,” in
Undocumented Migration to the United States: IRCA and the Experience of the 1980s
, ed. Frank D. Bean, Barry Edmonston, and Jeffrey S. Passel (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1990), 51. They point out that because of inconsistencies in how Seasonal Agricultural Workers are counted in the Census and the Community Population Survey, the numbers don’t correspond perfectly. Some 1.3 million were legalized under the SAW provisions.

21.
Woodrow and Passel, “Post-IRCA Undocumented Immigration,” 66. Emphasis in original.

22.
Jeff Stansbury, “L.A. Labor and the New Immigrants,”
Labor Research Review
1, no. 13 (1989): 22.

23.
See Nancy Cleeland, “AFL-CIO Calls for Amnesty for Illegal US Workers,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 17, 2000.

24.
“AFL-CIO: End Sanctions,”
Migration News
7, no. 3 (March 2000),
http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=2037_0_2_0
.