Tudor (76 page)

18
.
  
CSPV
13 (884).

19
.
  
PRO C 142/128/91. Frances had a baby that month, and named
her Elizabeth, a telling indication of where it was judged the future now lay. Frances's elder daughters all had names with royal connections: Jane Grey, after Queen Jane Seymour (1537), Katherine Grey after Queen Katherine Howard (1540), and Mary Grey after Mary Tudor was appointed Edward's heir in the Third Act of Succession. It therefore seems probable Elizabeth Stokes was named after Elizabeth Tudor. She died in infancy.

20
.
  
Doctors I have spoken to note that autoimmune hyperthyroid disease is quite a common condition, especially in women. It runs in families and I do wonder if Elizabeth also suffered from it, as I discuss later. ‘Thyroid Dysfunction and False Pregnancy' in
Western Journal of Medicine
(January 1992), p. 89. A much more rare condition, with symptoms that mimic those associated with pregnancy, would be benign tumours on the pituitary gland. On the benign tumour theory, see M. Keynes, ‘The Aching and increasing blindness of Queen Mary' in
Journal of Medical Biography
8/2 (2000), pp. 102–9. Suggestions that she suffered from ovarian cancer seem less likely, as this would have killed her relatively quickly.

21
.
  
Charles' empire in the Netherlands included the inheritance of the former Dukes of Burgundy inherited through his paternal grandmother (Marie, the daughter of Charles the Bold), except for the province of Burgundy itself, which had passed to France. He had added to these, however, and united seventeen provinces in the region, a rich and densely populated area covering the modern Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, much of northern France, and extending even into western Germany.

32
   
A Flickering Light

  
1
.
  
Starkey,
Elizabeth
, p. 78.

  
2
.
  
Elizabeth I: Collected Works
(ed Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller and Mary Beth Rose) (2002), pp. 43–4.

  
3
.
  
On 1 December 1556.

  
4
. When she described it to the Count of Feria at Brocket Hall in November 1559.

  
5
.
  
CSPV
6 (884).

  
6
.
  
Ibid.

  
7
.
  
CSPS
13 (339).

  
8
.
  
R. A. Houlbrooke,
Death, Religion and Family in England 1480–1750
(1998), p. 6.

  
9
.
  
See note 12.

10
.
  
CSPV
6 (884).

11
.
  
‘The Count of Feria's Dispatch to Philip II of 14 November 1558' (ed and tr. Simon Adams and M. Rodriguez-Salgado) in
Camden Miscellany XXVIII
, Camden Fourth Series, Vol. 29 (1984), p. 332.

12
.
  
Ibid., pp. 330–3.

13
.
  
CSPV
6 (884).

14
.
  
‘The Count of Feria's Dispatch to Philip II of 14 November 1558' (ed Adams and Rodriguez) in op. cit., p. 335.

15
.
  
CSPV
13 (884).

33
   
A Married Man

  
1
.
  
Glyn Parry,
The Arch-Conjurer of England, John Dee
(2011), pp. 48, 49.

  
2
.
  
CSPV
7 (10).

  
3
.
  
De Lisle,
Sisters
, p. 224.

  
4
.
  
Dale Hoak, ‘The Coronations of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, and the Transformation of the Tudor monarchy' in
Westmintser Abbey Reformed
(ed C. S. Knighton and Richard Mortimer) (2003), pp. 139, 140, 141.

  
5
.
  
The treatise was written by Jane Grey's former tutor John Aylmer and published by John Day in April 1554.

  
6
.
  
Elizabeth I: Collected Works
, p. 58.

  
7
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1 (29).

  
8
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1 (27).

  
9
.
  
Philip's empire in the Netherlands had been increased and unified by his father Charles V. See Chapter 31, Note 21.

10
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1, p. 45; de Lisle,
Sisters
, p. 187.

11
.
  
Richard Rex,
Elizabeth I
(2003), p. 55.

12
.
  
His opponent's lance had pierced his headgear and shattered into fragments, penetrating his right orbit and temple.

13
.
  
British Library Harleian MSS 4712.

14
.
  
Richard Rex,
The Tudors
(2011), p. 165 for comparisons with similarly staged scenes.

15
.
  
CSPF
1559–60, p. 370.

16
.
  
Ives,
The Reformation Experience
, pp. 143, 46.

17
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1, 11 September 1560 (119).

34
   
Dangerous Cousins

  
1
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1, 11 September 1560 (119).

  
2
.
  
Ibid.

  
3
.
  
Ibid.

  
4
.
  
A fact that attracted support from the Earl of Huntingdon, a Protestant descendant of Edward IV's brother, the Duke of Clarence.

  
5
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1 (120).

  
6
.
  
In a response to a parliamentary delegation on her marriage, 1566.

  
7
.
  
Named after the new King of France, Charles IX.

  
8
.
  
Darnley was the senior male heir to the kingdoms of England (through his mother) and Scotland (through his father).

  
9
.
  
CSPF
5 (412). She was in direct contact with Lennox's brother in France, and in Spain with Jane Dormer, the English wife of Philip II's confidant, the Count of Feria.

10
.
  
The messenger was John Gordon, Earl of Sutherland.

11
.
  
CSPF
5 (26).

12
.
  
Ibid.

13
.
  
CSPF
5 (26) (332).

14
.
  
Cecil's immediate reasons had concerned Robert Dudley, who had promised the Spanish he would ensure Elizabeth sent a representative to the Council of Trent on church reform if Philip supported
his marriage to Elizabeth. The publicity surrounding the Catholic witchcraft trials had helped confound Dudley, by discrediting the Spanish ambassador and smearing Catholics in general.

15
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1 (144) (153) (154) (155) (156).

16
.
  
British Library Add MSS 37749, ff. 41, 50, 58.

17
.
  
Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726
(ed Philip Yorke, Earl of Hardwicke) (1778), Vol. 1, p. 172; British Library Add MSS 37740, f. 63.

18
.
  
British Library Add MSS 37749, ff. 43, 59.

19
.
  
De Lisle,
Sisters
, p. 206.

20
.
  
British Library Add MSS 37749, ff. 41, 50, 58. For more details see de Lisle,
Sisters
.

21
.
  
For more on this and who else was linked to the marriage, see de Lisle,
Sisters
, Chapters 17, 18 and 19.

22
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1, p. 214.

23
.
  
CSPF
5 (26).

35
   
Royal Prisoners

  
1
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1 (144).

  
2
.
  
A Collection of State Papers relating to Affairs in the Reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth from the year 1542–1570, Left by William Cecil Lord Burghley
(ed Samuel Haynes), Vol. 1 (1740), p. 378.

  
3
.
  
British Library Cotton MS Caligula B VIII, ff. 165–8, 184–5. Thanks to John Guy for drawing my attention to this MSS. See the Appendix on Margaret Douglas.

  
4
.
  
CSPF
5 (26);
CSPD
1547–89, March 1562 (48).

  
5
.
  
CSPF
4 (980);
CSPF
5 (168).

  
6
.
  
CSPF
5 (59) (168);
CSPD
1547–80, 14 May, 12 and 19 June, 1562;
CSPD
1547–80, 20 September 1560.

  
7
.
  
CSPF
5 (181).

  
8
.
  
CSPF
5 (168).

  
9
.
  
CSPF
5 (34).

10
.
  
Glyn Parry,
Arch-Conjurer
, p. 61.

11
.
  
CSPF
5 (26) (34) (412).

12
.
  
Norman Jones,
Birth of the Elizabethan Age: England in the 1560s
(1995), p. 38. Thomas Bishop had noted Margaret quoting the prophecy concerning Darnley becoming King of England and Scotland.
CSPF
5 (26).

13
.
  
CSPF
5 (26).

14
.
  
CSPF
5 (121) (223).

15
.
  
Bishop concluded his long list of Margaret's supposed crimes by denying her English birth, on the grounds that her mother, Margaret Tudor, had been a refugee from Scotland when she was born. He claimed she was also excluded from the throne under the terms of the marriage contract between Margaret Tudor and James IV, which was also nonsense. For the marriage contract, see PRO E39/92/18 E 30/81; for Bishop's claims, see
CSPF
5 (26).

16
.
  
CSPF
5 (912).

17
.
  
They were arrested on 14 October. Parry, p. 61 Huntingdon was a great-great-grandson of the Duke of Clarence twice in the female line. Arthur was the great-grandson once in the female line.

18
.
  
CSPS
Simancas 1, p. 296.

19
.
  
Reports From the Lost Notebooks of Sir James Dyer, Vol. 1
(ed J. H. Baker) (1994) p. 82; Longleat PO/I/93.

20
.
  
Longleat PO/I/93.

21
.
  
Mortimer Levine,
The Early Elizabethan Succession Question, 1558–1568
(1966), p. 28; HMC Salisbury Vol. 1 (1883), p. 396.

22
.
  
Longleat PO Vol. 1, ff. 92, 93.

23
.
  
De Lisle,
Sisters
, p. 245.

24
.
  
CSPV
5 (934).

25
.
  
The title was usually reserved for royal children in right of the Duchy of Lancaster.

26
.
  
John Guy,
My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots
(2004), p. 198.

27
.
  
Or so the emissary Sir James Melville later recalled.

28
.
  
The baby was born in July 1564 and christened at Cecil House. See John Nichols,
The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, Vol. 1
(1823), p. 149.