Tudor (70 page)

19
.
  
L&P
2 (343).

20
.
  
The drawing is in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

21
.
  
Emond, PhD diss., op. cit., p. 52.

17
   
A Family Reunion and a Royal Rival

  
1
.
  
My research indicates it was not Edinburgh Castle as described by Maria Perry, Rosalind Marshall and others. See
L&P
2 (779).

  
2
.
  
Ibid.

  
3
.
  
The cannon, which can be seen today at Edinburgh Castle, had been presented to King James II by his uncle by marriage, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy in 1457. The name comes from the town of Mons where it was made, in present-day Belgium.

  
4
.
  
L&P
2 (783).

  
5
.
  
L&P
2 (788).

  
6
.
  
By 16 September the party had reached Blackadder Castle, the stronghold of Angus' family, the Douglasses. They did not stay for long before departing for Coldstream Abbey in England, and then on. Emond, PhD diss., op. cit., p. 92.

  
7
.
  
Original letters
(ed Ellis), Vol. 1, p. 266.

  
8
.
  
L&P
2 (1380).

  
9
.
  
Emond, PhD diss., op. cit., p. 112. Queen Margaret's letters to Albany during this period ask for the restoration of her husband's castles, as well as the release of his imprisoned uncle Gavin Douglas, and grandfather, Lord Drummond. Although Dacre talks of Angus' ‘desertion', it was not unplanned or without Margaret's approval.

10
.
  
L&P
2 (1829).

11
.
  
Eric Ives, ‘Henry VIII',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
.

12
.
  
Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 515. The virginals are a keyboard instrument of the harpsichord family.

13
.
  
L&P
2 (1562) (1845) (1861) (1863). Wolsey was godfather to Henry Brandon, and the godmother was Katherine, Countess of Devon. The cardinal was also godmother to Mary Tudor. The sources indicate variously Henry's aunt, Katherine, as godmother, and the Duchess of Norfolk. Mary Tudor, through her mother, Katherine of Aragon, claimed legitimate descent from John of Gaunt from whom Henry VII drew his right to the throne (albeit through an illegitimate line). No child by any of Henry VIII's future wives would be able to claim as much.

14
.
  
L&P
2 (1585).

15
.
  
L&P
2 (410).

16
.
  
Sebastian Giustinian,
CSPV
2 (1287).

17
.
  
John Stow,
A Survey of London
(2005), p. 377.

18
.
  
It is now in the Austrian National Library in Vienna.

19
.
  
CSPV
2 (1287).

20
.
  
Hall,
Chronicle
, pp. 595, 703. The only surviving likeness of her is a brass memorial, which shows her kneeling in profile, and can be seen at the British Museum.

21
.
  
Ibid., p. 703.

22
.
  
Those who became heirs to their family estate as minors became wards of the Crown. The Crown could sell or gift the wardship, or arrange the marriage of their wards.

23
.
  
CSPV
2 (1287).

24
.
  
L&P
3, calendared early 1519, quoted in Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 120.

25
.
  
Vergil,
Anglica Historia
, p. 263.

26
.
  
L&P
3 (1283). As his father had hoped to do to Richard III: Buckingham's temper was a character flaw he had shared with his two ducal predecessors. The first Duke of Buckingham had to be held back to prevent him stabbing the French rebel leader Joan of Arc during an interrogation in 1431. The second duke was so disliked that one of his servants sold his life to Richard III. Edward Buckingham was similarly given to ‘fumes and displeasure'.

27
.
  
L&P
3 (1284).

28
.
  
Then called Henton.

29
.
  
L&P
3 (1284).

30
.
  
CSPV
3 (213).

31
.
  
Ibid.

32
.
  
My own rather rough translation: ‘
Dieu a sa ame graunte mercy car il fuit tresnoble prince & prudent & mirror de tout courtoise
' (Yearbook Pasch.13 Henry VIII, p.1 f. 11). Thanks to Eric Ives for drawing my attention to this reference. Much of the blame for Buckingham's death was laid not at the feet of Henry VIII, but rather his chief minister. Verses were written decrying the ‘cruelty of the red man', Wolsey, dressed in the scarlet of his office, a ‘vile Butcher's son' who ‘hath devoured the beautiful swan [Buckingham]'. Buckingham's grandson, Thomas Stafford, would try and overthrow a later Tudor. He was executed after he led an invasion of England in 1557 against Mary I.

18
   
Enter Anne Boleyn

  
1
.
  
Pavia is thirty-five kilometres south of Milan. The date, 24 February, was Charles V's birthday.

  
2
.
  
His eldest brother was the Earl of Lincoln, who Richard III was said to have named as his heir. He was killed in 1487 at the Battle of Stoke Field, after his invasion from Ireland brought Lambert Simnel to England. The second brother, Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, had been imprisoned by Henry VII and executed by Henry VIII before his war in France in 1513.

  
3
.
  
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 136.

  
4
.
  
Beverley Anne Murphy, ‘The Life and Political Significance of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond 1525–1536', PhD diss., University of Wales (1997), pp. 80, 81.

  
5
.
  
Fitzroy was endowed with lands whose revenues amounted to £4,845 in the first year. He was appointed warden-general of the marches toward Scotland on 22 June and installed into the Order of the Garter on 25 June. On 16 July he became Lord Admiral of England.

  
6
.
  
CSPV
3 (902).

  
7
.
  
Henry, Lord Morley, The Prologue Royal MSS, British Library 17 C CVI f. 2v, quoted in A. Pollnitz, ‘Humanism and Court Culture' in
Tudor Court Culture
(ed Thomas Betteridge and Anna Riehl) (2012), p. 53.

  
8
.
  
CSPV
4 (824); G. W. Bernard,
Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions
(2010), p. 19. Also see the medal of Anne for the shape of her face.

9
.
  
Retha Warnicke,
The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn
(1989), p. 56.

10
.
  
This follows private conversations with Eric Ives. Mary Boleyn's affair with Henry, and possible presence at the Field of Cloth of Gold, could explain King Francis' later reported comment that she was a notorious slut;
L&P
10 (450). The Bishop of Faenza who reported this story talks about ‘the queen's sister' – the queen at the time being Anne Boleyn. But it also strikes me that
people often got gossip about royals confused. Stories about Charles V were later applied to Edward VI, for example (the story of the skinned falcon, which was applied to Charles V after his betrothal to Henry's sister Mary was revoked, was also applied to Edward VI following the executions of his uncles, ‘this falcon has been stripped . . . just as I . . . am skinned'). It has not been suggested before, but I believe it very possible Francis' comments referred instead to Anne's sister-in-law – the French queen. Her behaviour with Charles Brandon in France when recently widowed had been scandalous. ‘
Plus sale que royne
' (more dirty than queenly) Francis had written on her portrait, and his mother had made her own barbed comment about her marriage with a man of ‘low estate'.

11
.
  
Thomas Skydmore of Syon, the religious conservative who claimed ‘Master Carey' was Henry's son, also called Henry a robber, and accused him of sleeping with Anne's mother. He was addressing John Hale, vicar of Isleworth, who is celebrated as a Catholic martyr.
L&P
8 (565) (567). There is no evidence that Henry fathered Carey's children.

12
.
  
James Butler. Thomas Boleyn had claims to the title himself, through the female line, and was eventually granted it.

13
.
  
George Cavendish,
The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey
(ed R. S. Sylvester) (1959), p. 30.

14
.
  
Baldassare Castiglione,
The Book of the Courtier
quoted in Elizabeth Heale, ‘Women and the Courtly Love Lyric: The Devonshire MS (BL Additional 17492)' in
Modern Language Review
90, No. 2 (April 1995), pp. 296–313.

15
.
  
Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 707. A letter Henry wrote in what appears to have been 1527 says he had been in love with her for about a year.

16
.
  
Eric Ives,
The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy
(2004), p. 75.

17
.
  
It also argued that Communion in both kinds should be given to laity as well as clergy and rejected the hypothesis of
transubstantiation. The Mass was not a sacrifice, he claimed, and the special identity of the priesthood a delusion. All Christians were priests and anyone could preside at a Communion service.

18
.
  
Henry's views are expressed in the 1532 work,
A Glass of the Truth
.

19
.
  
Thomas P. Campbell,
Henry VIII and the Art of Majesty
(2007) pp. 180, 181, 183.

20
.
  
The previous October, she had also caught Angus taking advantage of her absence from Scotland to profit from her rents. Emond, PhD diss., op. cit., p. 121.

21
.
  
L&P
3 (166), misdated April 1519. She had asked for Henry's support, but Angus had been too useful to English interests for him to give it.

19
   
A Marriage on Trial

  
1
.
  
CSPS
3, Pt II (70).

  
2
.
  
Ibid.

  
3
.
  
CSPS
3, Pt II (113).

  
4
.
  
Ives,
The Reformation Experience
, p. 68.

  
5
.
  
Matthew 16:19. Maria Dowling,
Fisher of Men, A Life of John Fisher 1469–1535
(1999), p. 133.

  
6
.
  
CSPS
3, Pt II (224).

  
7
.
  
Cavendish,
Wolsey
, p. 249; Shakespeare,
Henry VI Part III
, Act 5, Scene 6. ‘Aboding' is synonymous with foreboding. Edmund Spenser refers to ‘night ravens', ‘The hateful messengers of heavy things/Of death and dolor telling sad tidings.'
The Faerie Queen
, Book II, Canto VII, 23.

  
8
.
  
The thread was in varying heights and thickness, and the silk ground would be lampas – i.e. silk taffeta with gold thread, or brocatelle, which was similar to brocade but with designs in high relief, made on a jacquard loom. Edward Hall provides the detail that the canopy was of tissue.

  
9
.
  
David Starkey,
Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII
(2004), pp. 240, 241; Cavendish,
Wolsey
, p. 79.

10
.
  
Cavendish,
Wolsey
, pp. 80, 81, 82.

11
.
  
British Library Cotton MSS Vitellius B XII.

12
.
  
Clement was born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici.