The Wizards of Langley (65 page)

70
. Joe Pichirallo, “Retiree Kept Close CIA Ties,”
Washington Post
, November 27, 1985, pp. A1, A10; Robin Toner, “Bail Denied Ex-CIA Worker in China Spy Case,”
New York Times
, November 28, 1985, p. B8; Joe Pichirallo, “Ex-CIA Analyst Gave Secrets to China,”
Washington Post
, November 24, 1985, pp. A1, A24.

71
. “‘Ministry of State Security’ Set Up on Mainland China,”
Issues and Studies
, July 1983, pp. 5–8; Nicholas Eftimiades, “China’s Ministry of State Security: Coming of Age in the International Arena,”
Intelligence and National Security
8, 1 (January 1993): 23–43; “Chinese Official Said Ex-poser of CIA Turncoat,”
Washington Post
, September 5, 1986, p. A18; Michael Wines, “Spy Reportedly Unmasked by China Defector,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 5, 1986, pp. 1, 12; Daniel Southerland, “China Silent on Reported Defection of Intelligence Official,”
Washington Post
, September 4, 1986, p. A30.

72
. “Chinese Official Said to Be Exposer of CIA Turncoat”; Wines, “Spy Reportedly Unmasked by China Defector”; Thomas Allen and Norman Polmar,
Merchants of Treason: America’s Secrets for
Sale from the
Pueblo
to the Present
(New York: Delacorte, 1988), p. 302.

73
. Ronald Kessler,
Spy vs. Spy: Stalking Soviet Spies in America
(New York: Scribner’s, 1988), pp. 202–203.

74
. Remarks by William O. Studeman, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, at the Symposium on “National Security and National Competitiveness: Open Source Solutions,” December 1, 1992, McLean, Va., p. 4; Robert Pear, “Radio Broadcasts Report Protests Erupting All over China,”
New
York Times
, May 23, 1989, p. A14.

75
. Bob Woodward,
VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 32; NBC,
Inside the KGB: Narration and Shooting Script
, May 1993, p. 39.

76
. Peter Earley,
Confessions of a Spy: The Real Story of Aldrich Ames
(New York: Putnam, 1997), p. 117.

77
. Ibid., p. 118.

78
. Ibid.

79
. Ibid., pp. 118–119, 197.

80
. Interview; “Seismic Sensors,”
Intelligence Newsletter
, January 17, 1990, p. 2.

81
. Hineman interview.

82
. John O. Koehler,
STASI: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998), p. 295.

83
. Hineman interview.

84
. Ibid.

85
. Ibid.; CIA document fragment, “Office of Special Projects,” July 22, 1988.

86
. Interview with Robert Phillips, Rosslyn, Virginia, June 4, 1999.

87
. Ibid.

1
. Benjamin B. Fischer (ed.),
At Cold War’s End: U.S. Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe 1989–1991
(Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 1999), p. xi.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Interview with James V. Hirsch, Fairfax, Virginia, February 12, 1999; remarks of James V. Hirsch, “DS&T 35th Anniversary: Celebrating 50 Years of CIA History,” July 24, 1997, videotape.

4
. Remarks of James V. Hirsch, “DS&T 35th Anniversary,.”

5
. Ibid.

6
. Hirsch interview.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Bob Woodward,
The Commanders
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 206.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Ibid., p. 207; Michael R. Gordon and Bernard Trainor,
The General’s War: The Inside Story of
The Conflict in the Gulf
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1994), pp. 9–10.

11
. U.S. News & World Report,
Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian
Gulf War
(New York: Times Books, 1992), pp. 21–22.

12
. Ibid., p. 32.

13
. Gordon and Trainor,
The General’s War
, p. 25.

14
. Ibid., pp. 24–25; Woodward,
The Commanders
, pp. 208, 216, 218–219.

15
. U.S. News & World Report,
Triumph Without Victory
, pp. 7–9; George Bush, National Security Directive 45, “U.S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait,” August 20, 1990, p. 2.

16
. Richard Hallion,
Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1992), p. 159; George Bush, National Security Directive 54, “Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf,” January 15, 1991.

17
. Doug Waller,
The Commandos: The Inside Story of America’s Secret Soldiers
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 243; U.S. News & World Report,
Triumph Without Victory
, p. 212.

18
. Bill Gertz, “New Spy Satellite, Needed to Monitor Treaty, Sits on Ground,”
Washington Times
, October 20, 1987, p. A5; Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 221; private information.

19
. Douglas Isbell and Vincent Kiernan, “Long-Delayed Atlantis Flight Orbits Military Spy Satellite,”
Space News
, March 5–11, 1990, p. 12; Edward H. Kolcum, “Atlantis Lofts AFP-731 Reconnaissance Satellite,”
Aviation Week and Space Technology
, March 5, 1990, p. 22; Warren E. Leary, “Problems Are Reported with New Spy Satellite,”
New York Times
, March 18, 1990, p. 20; Patrick E. Tyler, “Satellite Fails,”
Washington Post
, March 17, 1990, pp. A1, A11.

20
. Warren E. Leary, “Debris from Secret U.S. Satellite Is Burning Up in Fall from Space,”
New
York Times
, March 22, 1990, p. A24; “Soviets Claim Reconnaissance Satellite Launched by Atlantis Has Failed,”
Aviation Week and Space Technology
, March 26, 1990, p. 23; “Shuttle Spy Satellite Has Not Reentered,”
Spaceflight
, January 1991, p. 4; private information.

21
. Private information.

22
. Ibid.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Ibid.

25
. Ibid.

26
. Douglas G. Armstrong, “The Gulf War’s Patched-Together Air Intelligence,”
Naval Institute
Proceedings
, November 1992, pp. 109–111; Desmond Ball,
Intelligence in the Gulf War
(Canberra, Australia: SDSC, Australian National University, 1991), pp. 32, 34.

27
. Craig Covault, “Space Recon of Iraq Taxes CIA Operations,”
Aviation Week and Space Technology
, September 3, 1990, pp. 30–31.

28
. Interview with Patrick Eddington, Centerville, Virginia, April 12, 1999.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Covault, “Space Recon of Iraq Taxes CIA Operations; U.S. News & World Report,
Triumph
Without Victory
, p. 277; Thomas Christie et al.,
Desert Storm SCUD Campaign
(Arlington, Va.: Institute for Defense Analyses, 1992), p. IV-6.

31
. Department of Defense,
Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress
(Washington, D.C: DOD, April 1992), C-14 to C-15; Rick Atkinson,
Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian
Gulf War
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), p. 265.

32
. E. C. Aldridge Jr., Director, NRO, to David L. Boren, Chairman, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, November 21, 1988.

33
. Ibid.

34
. Ibid.; Rear Adm. Robert K. Geiger and D. Barry Kelly,
NRO Restructure Study, Final Report,
Volume II
(Washington, D.C.: NRO, 1989).

35
. Kelly and Geiger,
NRO Restructure Study, Final Report, Volume II
, p. 16.

36
. Letter, Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney and Director of Central Intelligence William Webster to Senator David Boren, Chairman, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.

37
. Ibid.

38
. U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
NRO Headquarters Project
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 37; U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,
NRO Headquarters Facility
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 2.

39
. U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,
NRO Headquarters Facility
, p. 19; U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
NRO Headquarters Project
, p. 52; Letter from Mary Jo Kingsley, Chief Information Access and Release Center, NRO, to author, August 9, 1996.

40
. Martin C. Faga, Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, Subject: DCI Task Force on the NRO-INFORMATION MEMORANDUM,” May 19, 1992; George Bush, National Security Directive 67, “Intelligence Capabilities, 1992–2005,” March 30, 1992.

41
. DCI Task Force on the National Reconnaissance Office,
Report to the Director of Central Intelligence,
DCI Task Force on the National Reconnaissance Office, Final Report
, April 1992, p. 2.

42
. Ibid., p. 6.

43
. U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,
S. 2198 and S. 421 to Reorganize the United States Intelligence Community
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 18.

44
. Ralph Vartabedian, “Air Force Spy Satellite Unit Leaving California,”
Los Angeles Times
(Washington ed.), October 16, 1992, pp. A1, A5; Ralph Vartabedian, “Air Force Spy Satellite Unit Leaving Southland,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 16, 1992, pp. A1, A12; Vincent Kiernan, “NRO Streamlines to Cut Intelligence Bureaucracy,”
Space News
, December 7–13, 1992, pp. 1, 29.

45
. Ronald Kessler,
Inside the CIA: Revealing the Secrets of the World’s Most Powerful Spy
Agency
(New York: Pocket Books, 1992), pp. 77–78; CIA document fragment, July 22, 1988.

46
. Interview with a former CIA official.

47
. Interview with Robert Phillips, Rosslyn, Virginia, June 4, 1999.

48
. Hirsch interview.

49
. Vernon Loeb, “After-Action Report,”
Washington Post Magazine
, February 27, 2000, pp. 7ff.

50
. Ibid.

51
. Ibid.

52
. Ibid.

53
. R. Jeffrey Smith, “Tracking Aideed Hampered by Intelligence Failures,”
Washington Post
, October 8, 1993, p. A19.

54
. Loeb, “After-Action Report.”

55
. Ibid.

56
. Ibid.

57
. Ibid.

58
. CIA, “DCI Speech on New Frontiers in Breast Cancer Screening,” October 11, 1994.

59
. Sam Grant and Peter C. Oleson, “Breast Cancer Detection Research,”
Studies in Intelligence
, Semiannual Unclassified Edition, No. 1, 1997, pp. 27–34 at pp. 27–28.

60
. Grant and Oleson, “Breast Cancer Detection Research.”

61
. Ibid.

62
. Tom Bowman and Scott Shane, “Espionage from the Front Lines,”
Baltimore Sun
, December 8, 1995, pp. 1A, 20A–21A.

63
. Ibid.; Howard Kurtz, “Pollard: Top Israelis Backed Spy Ring,”
Washington Post
, February 28, 1987, p. A8.

64
. Seymour Hersh, “The Wild East,”
Atlantic Monthly
, June 1994, pp. 61–86.

65
. Bowman and Shane, “Espionage from the Front Lines.”

66
. Ibid.

67
. Ibid.

68
. Ibid.

69
. Ibid.; Seymour Hersh, “
The Target Is Destroyed”: What Really Happened to Flight 007 and
What America Knew About It
(New York: Random House, 1986), p. 4.

70
. Bowman and Shane, “Espionage from the Front Lines.”

71
. Ibid.

72
. Ibid.

73
. Ibid. By mid-1994, individuals from the military services were being seconded to work for the SCS, after cover problems had been overcome. Four Air Intelligence Agency (AIA) candidates were selected to participate in the program, designated SENSOR SILVER. (Joyce M. Hons, Juan R. Jimenez, Gabriell G. Marshall, and Johnny D. Ford,
History of the Air Intelligence Agency, 1 January–31 December
1994, Volume I
[San Antonio, Tex.: AIA, December 1995], p. 39.)

74
. R. Jeffrey Smith, “Pentagon Has Spent Millions on Tips from Trio of Psychics,”
Washington
Post
, November 29, 1995, pp. A1, A18; “U.S. Agencies Used Psychics for Years for ‘Remote Viewing,’”
Washington Times
, November 30, 1995, p. A12; Steven Emerson,
Secret Warriors: Inside the
Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era
(New York: Putnam, 1988), pp. 65–66.