The Wizards of Langley (66 page)

75
. Smith, “Pentagon Has Spent Millions on Tips from Trio of Psychics”; R. Jeffrey Smith and Curt Suplee, “‘Psychic Arms Race’ Had Several Funding Channels,”
Washington Post
, November 30, 1995, pp. A1, A13; “U.S. Agencies Used Psychics for Years for ‘Remote Viewing.’”

76
. Smith and Suplee, “‘Psychic Arms Race’ Had Several Funding Channels.”

77
. Douglas Waller, “The Vision Thing,”
Time
, December 11, 1995, p. 48; Martin Gardner, “Claiborne Pell: The Senator from Outer Space,”
Skeptical Inquirer,
March/April 1996, pp. 12–15.

78
. Hirsch interview; Office of Public Affairs, “CIA Statement on ‘Remote Viewing,’” September 6, 1995.

79
. Information about AIR is accessible from its web site:
www.air-dc.org
.

80
. Michael D. Mumford, Andrew M. Rose, and David M. Goslin,
An Evaluation of Remote Viewing:
Research and Applications
(Washington, D.C.: American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995), pp. 1–3 to 1–4.

81
. Ibid., pp. 1–4 to 1–5.

82
. Ibid., p. E-1; Ray Hyman, “Evaluation of the Military’s Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying,”
Skeptical Inquirer
, March/April 1996, pp. 24–26; Ray Hyman, “Parapsychological Research: A Tutorial Review and Critical Appraisal,”
Proceedings of the IEEE
74, 6 (June 1986): 823–849; Smith, “Pentagon Has Spent Millions on Tips from Trio of Psychics”; Mumford, Rose, and Goslin,
An Evaluation of Remote Viewing
, p. E-2.

83
. Mumford, Rose, and Goslin,
An Evaluation of Remote Viewing
, p. E-3.

84
. Ibid., p. E-4.

85
. Ibid. For a critique of the AIR report’s conclusions as well as claims of bias in its preparation, see Edwin C. May, “The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense’s STAR GATE Program: A Commentary,”
Journal of Scientific Exploration
10, 1 (1996): 89–107.

86
. Hirsch interview.

1
. Telephone interview with James Hirsch, April 11, 2000.

2
. Ibid.; interview with Steven Koonin, Pasadena, California, March 22, 2000.

3
. Vita, Steven E. Koonin, n.d.; Koonin interview.

4
. Hirsch telephone interview.

5
. Interview with Ruth David, Arlington, Virginia, February 22, 1999; CIA, Public Affairs, “Ruth A. David, Deputy Director of Science and Technology, Central Intelligence Agency,” n.d.

6
. CIA, Public Affairs, “Ruth A. David, Deputy Director of Science and Technology, Central Intelligence Agency”; “Meet the CEO,”
www.anser.org/aboutanser/meetceo.html
; David interview.

7
. CIA, Public Affairs, “Ruth A. David, Deputy Director for Science and Technology, Central Intelligence Agency.”

8
. Ibid.; CIA Public Affairs, “DS&T Leadership History,” n.d.; interview with Robert Phillips, Rosslyn, Virginia, June 4, 1999.

9
. David interview.

10
. Ibid.; Ruth David, “Prologue,” to Frederick Thomas Martin,
Top Secret Intranet: How U.S. Intelligence
Built INTELINK-The World’s Largest, Most Secure Network
(Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall PTR, 1998), p. xix.

11
. David interview.

12
. David, “Prologue,” to Martin,
Top Secret Intranet
, p. xx; Ruth David, speech to Armed Forces Communications Electronics Association, January 1998, p. 7.

13
. David, speech to Armed Forces Communications Electronics Association, p. 8.

14
. Ibid., pp. 14–15.

15
. Ibid., pp. 10, 14.

16
. CIA Office of Public Affairs, “Restructuring in the DS&T,” 1996.

17
. “Computer Scientists,(AAT),”
www.cia.gov/cia/employment/jobpostings/comsciad.htm
.

18
. Clarence A. Robinson, “Intelligence Agency Adjusts as Mission Possible Unfolds,”
Signal
, October 1998.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Ibid.

21
. David interview; CIA Public Affairs, “Restructuring in the DS&T.”

22
. Jeffrey T. Richelson, “CIA’s Science and Technology Gurus Get New Look, Roles,”
Defense
Week
, August 19, 1996, p. 6.

23
. CIA Public Affairs, “Restructuring in the DS&T”; private information.

24
. Phillips interview.

25
. Phillips interview; interview with Philip Eckman, Alexandria, Virginia, May 16, 2000; “Public Support Swells for CIA’s FBIS Program,”
Secrecy and Government Bulletin
, July 1996; “Costly Cuts?”
Newsweek
, November 25, 1996, p. 6. As of February 1995, FBIS had fourteen foreign bureaus located in Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Amman, Jordan; Asunción, Paraguay; Bangkok, Thailand; Chiva Chiva, Panama; Hong Kong; Islamabad, Pakistan; London, UK; Mbabane, Swaziland; Nicosia, Cyprus; Okinawa, Japan; Seoul, Republic of Korea; Tel Aviv, Israel; and Vienna, Austria. Domestically, in addition to its Reston, Virginia, headquarters, FBIS operated a bureau in Key West.

26
. FBIS, “Overview for CNC Conference,” n.d.

27
. Phillips interview.

28
. Ibid.

29
. “Public Support Swells for CIA’s FBIS Program.”

30
. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998, Report 105-135, Part 1
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), pp. 23–24.

31
. Stephen Barr, “Monitoring Service Spared in Latest Crisis,”
Washington Post
, February 6, 1997, p. A21. In 1997, FBIS did complete a transition, started in 1995, from the production of hard-copy reports—including the FBIS Daily Report and the Joint Publications Research Service translations—as a step toward purely electronic transmission. (FBIS, “Overview for CNC Conference, n.d., Slide 5.)

32
. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998
, p. 24.

33
. Ibid.

34
. Peter Maass, “From His Bed, CIA’s Best Makes His Breakthroughs,”
Washington Post
, April 21, 1996, pp. A1, A20; CIA, “‘Trailblazers’ and Years of CIA Service,” 1997.

35
. Maass, “From His Bed, CIA’s Best Makes His Breakthroughs.”

36
. Ibid.

37
. Ibid.

38
. Ibid.

39
. Ibid.

40
. Robert M. Gates, Director of Central Intelligence,
Statement on Change in CIA and the Intelligence
Community
, April 1, 1992, p. 28.

41
. H.R. 4165, “National Security Act of 1992,” 1992; S. 2198, “Intelligence Reorganization Act of 1992,” 1992.

42
. Robert M. Gates, Director of Central Intelligence,
Statement on Change in CIA and the Intelligence
Community
, April 1, 1992, p. 28; telephone conversation with R. Evans Hineman, February 24, 2000.

43
. Central Imagery Office,
Briefing Slides
, 1992.

44
. Department of Defense Directive 5105.26, “Central Imagery Office,” May 6, 1992; Central Imagery Office,
Briefing Slides
, pp. 2–3; Director of Central Intelligence Directive 2/9, “Management of National Imagery Intelligence,” June 1, 1992.

45
. Central Imagery Office,
Briefing Slides
, p. 2.

46
. Statement of John Deutch before Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, April 26, 1995, pp. 8–9.

47
. “DCI Plans a National Imagery Agency,”
Communiqué
, August 1995, pp. 1, 8; DCI, “Terms of Reference for National Imagery Agency,” circa May 1995.

48
. Central Intelligence Agency, “National Imagery and Mapping Agency Proposed to Congress,” November 28, 1995.

49
. Ibid.

50
. Interview with John N. McMahon, Los Altos, California, November 17, 1998.

51
. Interview with James V. Hirsch, Fairfax, Virginia, February 12, 1999; CIA, Office of Public Affairs, “Unclassified Imagery Analysis Presentation,” n.d.

52
. Hirsch interview.

53
. Ibid. Until 1994, OIA and NPIC were two distinct organizations. In 1994, NPIC assumed responsibility for staffing and managing OIA. At the same time, a number of OIA managers moved into positions at NPIC. The change, according to Patrick Eddington, was not one that he or others at NPIC felt was beneficial. He noted that NPIC, in the Navy Yard, lived a separate life from the CIA and that there were different cultures. In his view, NPIC was more independent and felt no obligation to support the intelligence directorate’s conclusions, had a more exacting standard in its analysis of imagery, offered more extensive training to its analysts, and had a broader customer base—which included State, Defense, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and Commerce. Whereas OIA never maintained an extensive database, the NPIC’s National Data System was available to the entire intelligence community. The reorganization, according to Eddington, threw NPIC into “a state of turmoil” and made it “a less exciting and rewarding place to work.” (Interview with Patrick Eddington, Centreville, Virginia, April 12, 1999. Also see Patrick Edding-ton,
Gassed in the Gulf: The Inside Story of the Pentagon-CIA Cover-Up of Gulf War Syndrome
([Washington, D.C.: Insignia, 1997], p. 25.)

54
. Interview with R. Evans Hineman, Chantilly, Virginia, February 17, 1999.

55
. Interview with Patrick Eddington, Centreville, Virginia, April 12, 1999.

56
. Eddington,
Gassed in the Gulf
, p. 151.

57
. U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
Special Report of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, January 4, 1995 to October 3, 1996
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), pp. 7–8. There was also some concern about the proposed merger from Defense Mapping Agency officials, who feared that their formal inclusion in the intelligence community might have a negative impact on the relationship with foreign nations who provide mapping information.

58
. NIMA, “National Imagery and Mapping Agency Established,” October 1, 1996.

59
. First “Announced NRO Payload,”
Spaceflight
39, 3 (March 1997): 77. In 1995, the NRO and CIA had acknowledged the launch dates associated with the CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD programs, the last of which was in May 1972.

60
. Vincent Kiernan, “Titan 4 Launches Spy Satellite from Vandenberg AFB,”
Space News
, December 7–13, 1992, p. 26; Craig Covault, “Advanced KH-11 Broadens U.S. Recon Capability,”
Aviation
Week and Space Technology
, January 6, 1997, pp. 24–25; Craig Covault, “New Intelligence Ops Debut in Iraqi Strikes,”
Aviation Week and Space Technology
, December 21–28, 1998, pp. 124–125; William Harwood, “Titan Boosts Military Payload for Ninth Consecutive Success,”
Space News
, December 11–17, 1995, p. 26; private information.

61
. Interview with Bernard Lubarsky, Alexandria, Virginia, May 16, 2000; private information.

62
. Barbara Crosette, “U.S. Seeks to Prove Mass Killings,”
New York Times
, August 11, 1995, p. A3; Bill Gertz, “New Chinese Missiles Target All of East Asia,”
Washington Times
, July 10, 1997, pp. A1, A16; Tim Weiner, “U.S. Suspects India Prepares for Nuclear Test,”
New York Times
, December 15, 1995, p. A6; Elaine Sciolino, “U.S. Says It’s Won Votes to Maintain Sanctions on Iraq,”
New York
Times
, March 5, 1995, pp. 1, 9; Bill Gertz, “Libyans Stop Work on Chemical Plant,”
Washington
Times
, June 24, 1996, p. A4; Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., “North Korea Set for More Ballistic Missile Tests,”
Jane’s Defence Weekly
, October 23, 1996, p. 5.

63
. CIA Office of Public Affairs, “Hypertext Systems,” n.d.

64
. CIA, Office of Public Affairs, “Information Retrieval,” n.d.

65
. CIA, Office of Public Affairs, “Image Perspective Transformation Modeling and Visualization,” n.d. circa 1996.

66
. CIA Public Affairs, “Dual-Use Technology Projects: Law Enforcement and the Environment,” 1996.

67
. Ibid.; “Once-Secret Technology Assists Cancer Detection,”
Signal
, June 1995, pp. 66–67; CIA, Public Affairs, “Facial Recognition Program,” n.d.

68
. Interview with Gene Poteat, McLean, Virginia, April 25, 2000; Philip Eckman, “Some Random Thoughts and Musings on ORD,” n.d. Previously, according to former ORD director Philip Eck-man, OD&E competed with ORD for funds and also was the agency’s executive authority for decisions on funding reconnaissance projects, making it both “judge and jury.” According to Eckman, that had been a sore point for many years, “since it was generally acknowledged that ORD had the lion’s share of innovative proposals each year, yet never received more than about 20% of the funds.” (Philip Eckman, “Some Random Thoughts and Musings on ORD,” n.d.)