The Wizards of Langley (54 page)

129
. National Security Council, NSCID No. 8, “Photographic Interpretation,” January 18, 1961.

130
.
The Reminiscences of Arthur C. Lundahl
, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, 1982, pp. 11, 38, 42.

131
. Ibid., pp. 51, 56, 57.

132
. Ibid., pp. 182, 187, 197; Jack Anderson, “Getting the Big Picture for the CIA,”
Washington
Post,
November 28, 1982, p. C7; Dino A. Brugioni and Frederick J. Doyle, “Arthur C. Lundahl: Founder of the Image Exploitation Discipline,” pp. 159–168 in McDonald (ed.),
CORONA
, at pp. 160–161.

133
.
The Reminiscences of Arthur Lundahl
, p. 221; interview with a former CIA official; Office of the Deputy Director (Intelligence), Notice No. 1-130-5, “Photographic Interpretation Center,” August 19, 1958.

134
.
The Reminiscences of Arthur C. Lundahl
, pp. 197, 201; John Prados,
The Soviet Estimate:
U.S. Intelligence and Russian Military Strength
(New York: Dial, 1982), p. 110; Office of the Deputy Director (Intelligence), Notice No. 1-130-5, “Photographic Interpretation Center.”

135
.
The Reminiscences of Arthur C. Lundahl
, pp. 197–201, 229.

136
. Prados,
The Soviet Estimate
, pp. 122–123.

137
. Joint Study Group,
Report on Foreign Intelligence Activities of the United States Government
, December 15, 1960, pp. 1, 2.

138
.
The Reminiscences of Arthur Lundahl
, pp. 53, 61.

139
. Ibid., pp. 299–300; Marion W. Boggs, Memorandum, Subject: Discussion at the 474th Meeting of the National Security Council, Thursday, January 12, 1961, January 13, 1961, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Papers 1953–61, Ann Whitman File, pp. 4–9.

140
. Boggs, Memorandum, Subject: Discussion at the 474th Meeting of the National Security Council, Thursday, January 12, 1961, pp. 6–7.

141
. Ibid., pp. 7–8.

142
. Ibid., pp. 8, 9.

143
. Ibid., p. 9;
The Reminiscences of Arthur Lundahl
, pp. 301–302.

144
.
Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence, 26 February 1953–29 November
1961: Volume II, Coordination of Intelligence
(Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, July 1973), p. 82.

145
. Ibid., p. 81.

146
. Ibid., pp. 81–82.

147
. Charles A. Kroeger Jr., “ELINT: A Scientific Intelligence System,”
Studies in Intelligence
2, 1 (Winter 1958): 71–83;
Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence
, p. 94; Richard M. Bissell Jr., Deputy Director (Plans), Memorandum for: Major General J. M. Williams, Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence USA, et al., Subject: ELINT Requirements Requiring Sensitive Collection, September 9, 1959, 2000 CIA Release, NARA.

148
. Olav Riste,
The Norwegian Intelligence Service, 1945–1970
(London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp. 90, 92, 149–150.

149
. Robert P. Berman and John C. Baker,
Soviet Strategic Forces: Requirements and Responses
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1982), pp. 106–107; Riste,
The Norwegian Intelligence
Service
, p. 105; interview with a former CIA official.

150
. Riste,
The Norwegian Intelligence Service
, pp. 147–148.

151
. Ibid., p. 149; Central Intelligence Agency,
Cost Reduction Program: FY 1966-FY 1967
, September 1, 1965, p. 9, NARA, RG 263, Entry 36, HRP 89-2/00443, Box 7, File 713; Rolf Tamnes,
The
Cold War in the High North
(Oslo: Ad Notam, 1991), pp. 121–122, 212.

152
. Interview with Robert Phillips, Rosslyn, Virginia, June 4, 1999.

153
. William H. Nance, “Quality ELINT,”
Studies in Intelligence
12, 2 (Spring 1968): 7–19 at 8.

154
. Ibid.

155
. William E. Burrows,
Exploring Space: Voyages in the Solar System and Beyond
(New York: Random House, 1990), p. 99.

156
. Henry G. Plaster, “Snooping on Space Pictures,”
Studies in Intelligence
8, 4 (Fall 1964): 31–39 at 31.

157
. Ibid., pp. 31–32.

158
. Ibid., p. 32. NSA went on to design and produce special equipment that would show oscilloscope pictures as a signal was being received, with the first two sent to ELINT sites in Hawaii and Alaska. Video transmissions from
Sputnik 9
and
Sputnik 10,
both launched in March 1961, gave verification that the flights carried canine passengers. More important was the ability of NSA to report, 58 minutes into Yuri Gagarin’s 108-minute flight on April 12, 1961, that the Soviets had indeed placed a man into orbit and he was alive. See Plaster, “Snooping on Space Pictures,” p. 34.

159
. James Burke, “Seven Years to Luna 9,”
Studies in Intelligence
10, 3 (Summer 1966): 1–24 at 4–5, 7; Burrows,
Exploring Space
, p. 420.

160
. Burrows,
Exploring Space
, p. 420; Burke, “Seven Years to Luna 9,” pp. 7–8.

161
. Burke, “Seven Years to Luna 9,” pp. 8–9; Burrows,
Exploring Space
, pp. 130–131.

162
. David C. Martin,
Wilderness of Mirrors
(New York: Harper & Row, 1980), p. 121; Philip Agee,
Inside the Company: CIA Diary
(San Francisco: Stonehill, 1975), Appendix 3; “CIA Historical Program,” January 1971, NARA, RG 263, 1998 CIA Release, Box 4, Folder 3.

163
. Agee,
Inside the Company
, p. 351.

164
. James Bamford,
The Puzzle Palace: A Report on NSA, America’s Most Secret Agency
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), p. 142.

165
. Memorandum for General Maude, Subject: Proposed U.S./U.K. Cooperation within Area 5 of Technical Cooperation Program, May 4, 1951, NARA, RG 341, Entry 214; Pocock,
Dragon Lady
, p. 47–48.

166
. Nicholas R. Garofalo, “Present and Future Capabilities of OTH Radars,”
Studies in Intelligence
13, 2 (Spring 1969): 53–61 at 53–54; [deleted], Assistant Chief, DPD-DD/P, Memorandum for: Acting Deputy Director (Plans), Status of CIA Personnel Staff, Project [deleted], July 22, 1960, 2000 CIA Release, NARA.

167
. Ibid., pp. 54–55, 60.

168
. Thomas Powers,
The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA
(London: Wei-denfeld and Nicolson, 1979), p. 146; Ranelagh,
The Agency
, p. 211; Kevin Whitelaw, “A Killing in the Congo,”
U.S. News and World Report,
July 24–31, 2000, p. 63.

169
. Ranelagh,
The Agency
, p. 211.

170
. U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities,
Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 71, 89.

171
. J. S. Earman, Inspector General, CIA,
Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro
(Washington, D.C.: CIA, 1967), pp. 23–24.

172
. Ibid., p. 24; Powers,
The Man Who Kept the Secrets
, p. 148.

173
. Powers,
The Man Who Kept the Secrets
, p. 150.

1
. Allen W. Dulles, Memorandum for: Deputy Secretary of Defense, Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Subject: Proposed Curtailment of Project CORONA, December 4, 1958, in NRO Collection of CORONA, ARGON, LANYARD Records (subsequently CAL Records).

2
. John Ranelagh,
The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA, from Wild Bill Donovan to
William Casey
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), pp. 410, 730.

3
. Donald E. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology: Origins of a Directorate,”
Studies in Intelligence
30, 2 (Summer 1986): 13–26 at 22; CIA, N-120-2, Organization and Functions: Office of the Deputy Director (Plans), Establishment of the Development Projects Division, February 18, 1959, NARA, RG 263, 1998 CIA Release, Box 44, Folder 14.

4
. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 22; Albert D. Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability,” address at CIA, December 19, 1984, p. 9.

5
. U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities,
Final Report, Book IV: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and
Military Intelligence
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 77.

6
. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 22.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Richard M. Bissell Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Francis T. Pudlo,
Reflections of a Cold Warrior:
From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 203.

9
. Evan Thomas,
The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared—The Early Years of the CIA
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 272.

10
. Letter, Richard M. Bissell to John McCone, February 7, 1962.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Ibid.; CIA, HN 1-18, February 14, 1962, NARA, CIA Historical Review Program 89-2 RG 263, NN3-263-94-010, Box 1, HS/HC 706, Folder 7.

15
. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 23.

16
. John A. McCone, HN 1-8, February 14, 1962; John A. McCone, HN 1-9, February 16, 1962; information provided by CIA Public Affairs Staff.

17
. Lt. Gen. Marshall Carter, DDCI, HN 1-15, “Transfer of Special Projects Branch,” April 16, 1962, NARA, CIA HRP 89-2, NN3-263-94-010, Box 5, HS/HC 706, Box 7.

18
. “Reconsideration of the Missions and Functions of the Deputy Director (Research),” July 3, 1962, 2000 CIA Release.

19
. Lt. Gen. Marshall Carter, Deputy Director, HN 1-23, “Deputy Director (Research),” July 30, 1962.

20
. Ibid.; Col. Stanley W. Beerli, Assistant Director for Special Activities, Office of Special Activities, OSA HQS Notice No. 1-16, June 20, 1962.

21
. Interview with Albert Wheelon, Montecito, California, November 11–12, 1998.

22
. Ray S. Cline,
Secrets, Spies, and Scholars: The Essential CIA
(Washington, D.C.: Acropolis, 1976), pp. 4, 54–55, 105, 120, 123, 133, 149, 172, 194; Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 23.

23
. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” pp. 22–23; Cline,
Secrets, Spies, and Scholars
, p. 200.

24
. “Reconsideration of the Missions and Functions of the Deputy Director (Research).” Helms did not object to the DDR’s conducting “agent-oriented” research that would be useful to the Plans directorate. (John A. Bross, Memorandum for: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, Subject: [Deleted], December 21, 1962, NARA, RG 263, 1998 CIA Release, Box 47, Folder 15.)

25
. Telephone interview with Edward Giller, June 29, 1999; Wheelon interview.

26
. “ORD Milestones,” September 1966, NARA, TRB, RG 263, 1998 CIA Release, Box 66, Folder 5; “Missions and Responsibilities of the Office of Research and Development,” September 26, 1962, NARA, RG 263, 1998 CIA Release, Box 66, Folder 4.

27
. “Missions and Responsibilities of the Office of Research and Development.”

28
. John Marks,
The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate”: The CIA and Mind Control
(New York: Norton, 1991), pp. 210, 224; telephone conversation with Bud Wheelon, January 28, 2000.

29
. Marks,
The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate,”
pp. 224–225.

30
. Ibid., p. 225.

31
. Ibid., pp. 225–226.

32
. Henry G. Plaster, “Snooping on Space Pictures,”
Studies in Intelligence
8, 4 (Fall 1964): 31–39 at 34; Peter A. Gorin, “ZENIT: The Response to CORONA,” in Dwayne A. Day, John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell (eds.),
Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy Satellites
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1998), pp. 157–170 at p. 162.

33
. Donald C. Brown, “On the Trail of Hen House and Hen Roost,”
Studies in Intelligence
13, 2 (Spring 1969): 11–19 at 11; Chris Pocock,
The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown
(Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Books, 2000), pp. 172–174.

34
. Brown, “On the Trail of Hen House and Hen Roost,” p. 12.

35
. Ibid., pp. 12–13.

36
. Gene Poteat, “Stealth, Countermeasures, and ELINT, 1960–1975,”
Studies in Intelligence
42, 1 (1998): 51–59 at 53.

37
. Ibid.

38
. Ibid.

39
. Ibid., p. 55.

40
. Ibid.