The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (125 page)

Nuclear Weapons
94

Oil Platforms
94

Wall in Occupied Territories
97, 162, 167–8, 529

ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda)
23, 43, 521, 533, 560
see also
International Criminal Tribunals

ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia)
38, 440
see also
International Criminal Tribunals

SC Res. 808 (1993) 427, 521, 522

SC Res. 827 (1993) 533

impartiality
36, 88

in Congo 172

in French operation in Rwanda 546

in former Yugoslavia 172–3, 418, 429, 431

in internal armed conflicts 176–7

in peacekeeping operations 112–13, 156, 168–9, 171–2, 176–7, 178, 181, 185, 194, 203

UN Emergency Force (UNEF) 171–2

UN reputation for 126

Uniting for Peace Resolution 168–9, 171–2

inaction of SC
see
non-involvement in wars, SC

India
see also
India-Pakistan wars

Iraq 389

Korean War 269, 272–4, 276

Sri Lanka 504

Suez crisis 297

India-Pakistan wars
324–45
see also
UNIPOM; UNMOGIP

2001–2002, crisis in 325, 326

Brasstacks military exercise (1987) 325, 326

ceasefires 331, 332, 333–9, 342

CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), Pakistan’s membership of 326

CFL (ceasefire line) 329, 333–40, 342–3

Cold War 326, 345

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 341

Delhi Agreement (1952) 343–4

demilitarization 334–5, 343

East Pakistan, conflict in (1971) 325, 326, 338–41, 343, 505

First Kashmir War (1947–1949) 325, 326–35, 342

GA Res. 2793 (1971) 339

humanitarian intervention 339

Hyderabad 326–7, 331

India-Pakistan Joint Statement (2004) 344

Junagadh 326–7, 331

Karachi Agreement 336, 342

Kargil conflict (1999) 325, 326, 340, 343, 497

Kashmir 258, 324–36, 340–5

changes in province 343–4

Constitution (1957) 343–4

demilitarization 334–5, 343

dispute (1990) 325–6

First Kashmir War (1947–1949) 325, 326–35

India, accession to 327, 332, 344

plebiscites 324–7, 329–35, 343–4

Second Kashmir War (1965) 324, 326, 329, 335–8, 342

standstill agreement with Pakistan (1947) 327

veto, right of 258

Line of Control (LoC) 340–1, 342–3

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), India’s involvement with 326, 344–5

non-involvement in wars, SC 497–9

nuclear weapons

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 341

India-US civil nuclear deal (2006) 344

non-involvement in wars, SC 497–9

non-proliferation 324, 341

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 341, 344

tests 326, 341–2

Operation Gibraltar 335

P5 342, 345

plebiscites

Jammu & Kashmir 325–7, 329–35, 343–4

Plebiscite Administrator, appointment of 330, 332, 334

Rann of Kutch, skirmishes in 325, 335

refugees, repatriation of 339

SC Res. 38 (1948) 329

SC Res. 39 (1948) 329

SC Res. 47 (1948) 329, 330

SC Res. 80 (1950) 34

SC Res. 91 (1951) 334

SC Res. 98 (1952) 34

SC Res. 209 (1965) 336

SC Res. 210 (1965) 336

SC Res. 211 (1965) 336, 337, 338

SC Res. 214 (1965) 337

SC Res. 215 (1965) 337

SC Res. 303 (1971) 160, 339

SC Res. 307 (1971) 339

SC Res. 1172 (1998) 341, 344

SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization), Pakistan’s membership of 326

Second Kashmir War (1965) 324, 326, 329, 335–8, 342

Secretary-General, involvement of 336–8

self-defence 331, 339

Siachen conflict 334

Simla Agreement (1972) 329, 340, 343, 345

Sino-Indian War (1962) 325, 326, 335

Soviet Union

India’s relationship with 326, 335, 339, 345

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 326

Second Kashmir War (1965) 324

veto 326, 335, 339, 345

Suchetgarh Agreement (1972) 340

Tashkent Agreement (1966) 324, 337–8, 345

territorial disputes 324, 325

terrorism 325, 344, 497–8

Third India-Pakistan War (1971) 325, 326, 338–41, 343, 505

training camps for terrorists in Pakistan 497

truces 332

UN Charter 328–9, 340–1

UN Representative, appointment of 334

UNCIP (UN Commission on India-Pakistan) 329–33

United Kingdom 342

United States 326, 335, 339, 342, 34

Uniting for Peace Resolution 339

veto 258, 326, 335, 339, 345

Indonesia
see also
East Timor

Aceh dispute, Finnish involvement in 504

West Irian/West Papua, Netherlands and Indonesia’s deal over 500

Inienger, Mark
473

intelligence

Iraq, war in (2003) 398

lack of intelligence system 21, 50

interim or transitional governments, setting up of
461

Interlaken Process (1998–9)
222
see also
sanctions internal armed conflicts and entries on individual armed conflicts

Afghanistan 455, 457

aggressor, determination of 21

characterization as 87–8, 545

collective legitimizer for use of armed force, SC as 28

Congo 181–4

consent of host country to peacebuilding 509

decolonization, consequence of 49

definition 45

East Timor 347

impartiality 176–7

increase in 44, 49, 508

international wars and, border between 88, 254

internationalization of 44, 45

Liberia 468–70, 474

ONUC (UN Operation in the Congo) 181–4

peacebuilding following civil wars 509

peacekeeping operations 176–7, 181–4, 188–92

rapid reaction capability 126

rise in 44, 49, 508

Rwanda 545

Sierra Leone 468–9

standing forces 126

UN Charter 87–9, 93, 254

Uniting for Peace Resolution 167

use of force in UN Charter, limitations on 87–9, 93

International Commission of Experts on Mercenaries
631

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)
61
see also
humanitarian intervention

collective legitimizer for use of armed force, SC as 29

humanitarian intervention, use of force for 557–8

standing forces 122

Rwanda 547

International Conference on Former Yugoslavia (ICFY)
428, 432–3

International Contact Group on Liberia
475

International Court of Justice
see
ICJ international courts
see also
international criminal tribunals

International Court of Justice 1, 3, 38, 41, 70

SC decisions, reviewing lawfulness of 38

international criminal tribunals
see also
ICC; ICTR; and ICTY
43, 239

East Timor 365

examples of 23

SC resolutions on 521, 523, 528, 533

hybrids 43–4

international humanitarian law
see also
occupation law

adjudicative function of SC in relation to 521, 528–31, 533

Afghanistan 453–4, 464

amnesties 531

applicability of humanitarian law 529–30

Bosnia and Herzegovina 530

children, support for Protocol in relation to 532

clarification of law 528–31, 533

compliance

forced pressure to comply 523–5

general pressure to comply 522–3

sanctions 528

condemnations 522, 525

Congo 524–5

customary international law 533

deploring violations of humanitarian law 523–4

ethnic cleansing 530

executive function of SC 520–7

forced pressure to comply 523–5

general pressure to comply 522–3

Geneva Convention IV on Civilians (1949) 529

Geneva Conventions (1949) 529, 530

Genocide Convention (1948) 524

Guantanamo Bay 464

humanitarian organizations, right of access for 530–1

implementation of humanitarian law 533

institutional measures 526–7, 533–4

international criminal tribunals 521, 523, 528, 533

investigations 526

Iran-Iraq War, 374–8, 382

journalists in armed conflict, protection 522

jus cogens
533

jus in bello
453–4, 464

legislative activities, support for 532

legislative function, resolutions with 531, 533

military occupation of Iraq 582–3

military occupations, international law on 587–8

norms to facts, application of 528

Palestine and occupied territories 529

peacekeeping missions 526–7

personnel, protection of 523–4

prisoners of war, release of 524, 530