The Tragedy of the Templars (53 page)

7
    Deposition of Geoffrey of Charney, 21 October 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans.,
The Templars
, p. 251.

8
    Deposition of Hugh of Pairaud, 9 November 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans.,
The Templars
, pp. 254–5.

9
   
The Portable Dante
, ed. Paolo Milano, Penguin, London, 1977.

10
  Frale,
The Templars
, p. 174.

11
  The Chinon Parchment had been mislabelled and misplaced amid the labyrinthine files of the Vatican Secret Archive until Barbara Frale, an Italian researcher at the Vatican School of Paleography, found it and recognised its significance. She deciphered its tangled and coded writing and published her findings in the
Journal of Medieval History
in 2004. This was followed in 2007 by a facsimile publication of the parchment by the Vatican itself.

12
  Rough translation from the Latin of the Chinon Parchment.

13
  Ibid.

1
    Second deposition of Jacques de Molay, 28 November 1309, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans.,
The Templars
, pp. 293–4.

2
    Barber,
Trial of the Templars
, p. 262.

3
    Ibid., pp. 264–5.

4
    Ibid., p. 266.

5
    Ibid., pp. 267–8.

6
    Ibid., pp. 281–2.

7
    Ibid., p. 282.

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A

Abbasids

    armies 46, 59, 72

    Baghdad caliphate 3, 45–6, 54, 59, 62, 75, 158, 262–3

    decline 58–9

    Fatimid campaigns 64

    Greek knowledge 51

    Mameluke influence 59

    Mongol invasion 314

    overthrow of Umayyads 44, 45

    raids against Byzantines 59, 60

    rule 46–8

    uprisings against 49, 58

Abd al–Malik, Umayyad caliph 30–36, 50, 51

Abd al–Rahman, emir of Cordoba 44

Abu al–Abbas al–Saffah, Abbasid leader 44

Abu Bakr, caliph 22–3, 28, 30

Abu Dhahir, governor at Ramla 67–8

Abu al–Feda, chronicler 325, 329–30

Abu Tammam, poet 233

Acre

    battle (1189) 293

    bishop 268, 290, 301

    capital city 229, 300

    capture (1074) 79

    churches 301

    defences 300–301, 319

    description of 323–4

    fall to Baldwin (1104) 289

    fall to crusaders (1191) 295–6

    fall to Mamelukes (1291) 326–9, 331, 333

    fall to Saladin (1187) 276, 291

    festivities (1286) 325

    Frankish rule 290

    Hospitaller presence 289–90, 300

    mosques 244, 290

    Muslim trade 290–91

    Outremer forces 267

    pilgrim traffic 289–90, 301

    port 223, 228–9, 289

    struggle for (1189–91) 292–3

    Templar base 289–90

    Templar commander 204

    Templar headquarters 229, 300, 319

    Templar raids (1300) 336

    ten–year truce with Mamelukes 324

    trading communities 289, 290, 300, 323

Ad Preclarus Sapientie
(papal bull) 353

Ad Providam
(papal bull) 366

Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy 102, 104–5, 106, 110, 112, 121

    al–Adid, Fatimid caliph 233, 235, 237

    al–Adil, brother of Saladin 261

    al–Afdal, Fatimid vizier 112

Aghlabids 54, 58

Agnes of Courtenay, wife of Amalric 208–9, 265

Ahamant (Amman), castle 222

Ahmad al–Yaqubi, chronicler 32

Ain Jalut, battle (1260) 315

Aisha, wife of Mohammed 28, 30

Ajnadayn, battle (634) 23

Alamut, Assassins 249

Alawites 244–5, 316

Albert of Aachen 91–2, 124

Albigensian Crusade 247–8

Aleppo

    Byzantine vassal state 61–2

    fall to Mongols (1260) 315

    fall to Saladin (1183) 264

    Saladin's attack 236

    Saladin's siege 261

    Second Crusade plans 182, 186

    Shia Muslims 195

    Turks in 128, 219

    Zengi's inscriptions 164

Alexander II, pope 94, 105

Alexander the Great 85, 150

Alexandria 51, 55, 65, 211, 212, 336

Alexius Angelus, Byzantine emperor 302

Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor

    appeal to West 89

    arrival of crusaders 106–7

    crusaders' oath to 107, 109, 110

    Turkish threat 89–90

Alfonso I, king of Aragon 149

Alfonso VII, king of Castile 177

Ali, son–in–law of Mohammed 28, 63, 316

Alice, princess of Antioch 147, 151

Alice of France 294

Almohades 263

Almoravids 87, 93, 177

Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan 74–6

Amalfi

    Acre community 289, 323

    Constantinople colony 257

    Egyptian trade 65

    merchants in Jerusalem 126

Amalric, king of Jerusalem 208–14, 218, 251–2, 257

Amanus mountains 109, 133, 150–51, 214, 220, 316

André (Andrew) of Montbard, seneschal of the Temple 136, 142, 179, 193–4

Andrew, king of Hungary 303

Andronicus Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 257

Ani, city 72, 73–5, 151

Anna Comnena, daughter of Alexius I 89

Antioch

    fall to Baybars (1268) 316

    fall to crusaders (1098) 98, 109, 112, 161, 218

    fall to Persians (611) 16

    fall to Turks 81, 101

    forces from 163

    port 181, 276

    principality 110, 119, 121, 147, 194–5, 219, 287

    recovery by Byzantines (969) 61

    refugees from Jerusalem 286

    Saladin's strategy 276

    saved by Templars 193–4

    Second Crusade 181–3

    Templar commander 204

    Templars at 178, 204

    Templars guardianship of passes 150–51, 220

    Turkish siege 109–10

    Turkish threat 128, 198, 210, 214

Antiochus Strategos, monk 16

Apocalypse of Pseudo–Methodius 84–5

Aqsa mosque

    built 27, 36

    given to Templars 126–7

    massacre (1077) 80

    Muslim pilgrimage 334

    name 27, 36, 69, 281

    Night Journey inscription 68–9, 280–81

    purified by Saladin 1–2, 201, 282

    reconverted to Christian use 310

    restoration after earthquake 86

    Saladin's siege 277–8

    Solomon's Temple 114, 116, 122, 126–7

    Templar headquarters 201–3, 244, 307

        used as king's palace 126, 147

Arab, term 38

Archambaud of Saint–Aignan, Templar knight 142

Arculf, Gallic pilgrim 26

Arianism 12–13, 21, 246

al–Arimah, castle 222

Armenia 73–4, 77, 151

Armenian kingdom 73

Armenians

    alliance with Outremer 109, 151, 336

    Antioch population 109

    Edessa population 109, 166, 168, 170, 186

    genocide 73

    Mamelukes 310

Arsuf, battle (1191) 297–8

Arthur, king 183

Artois, count of 313

Artuqids 165, 169

Ascalon

    destruction by Saladin 298

    fall to Saladin (1187) 276

    Fatimid base 128–9, 186, 207, 209, 221, 289

    Frankish base 209

    siege (1177) 254

    siege and fall (1153) 194, 206–7, 209, 221

    walls 299

Ascension, church of the 33

al–Ashraf Khalil, Mameluke sultan 325–6, 328, 333–4

Asia Minor

    defences 36–7, 76

    pilgrim journeys 57, 86

    Seljuk advance 75, 76–7

Assassins 64, 193, 195, 236, 248–52

Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria 12–13

Atsiz bin Uwaq, Turkish warlord 79–81, 86, 112

Attalia (Antalya) 181

Augustine of Hippo 30, 102

Augustinian canons 122, 126, 201, 281

Avignon, papacy 339–40, 362

Ayas, slave trade 230

Aybek, Mameluke husband of Shagarat al-Durr 314

Ayyub, Kurdish general 211, 233

Ayyubids 3, 288, 298, 300, 301

B

Baalbek

    captured by Nur al-Din 208

    citadel 233

    recovery 169

    siege and capture by Zengi 164

al-Babayn, battle 212

Badr, battle 282

Baghdad

    Abbasid capital 45–6, 59, 127–8, 158

    caliphate 45–6, 58, 119, 169, 195, 233

    collapse 62, 69

    fall to Mongols (1258) 314–15, 333

    Seljuk capture (1055) 74

Baghras, castle 150, 204, 220, 223, 316

Baldric of Dol, chronicler 98–9, 141

Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne) 98, 109, 122, 128, 147, 289

Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem 125, 132–3, 135, 146, 147, 186

Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem accession 206

    Acre council 185, 187

    Ascalon campaign 206–7, 221

    castles 153

    church buildings 198

    death 208

    successor 208

Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem accession 209, 252, 253

    castle building 258–9

    death 264

    leprosy 209, 252, 253–4

    Montgisard victory 254–5

    truce with Saladin 260–61

Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem 264–5

Baldwin II, Latin emperor 227

Baldwin of Bourcq, count of Edessa 122

Balian of Ibelin

ally of Raymond 265

    Hattin battle 271, 275

    Jerusalem defence 277, 278–9

    Jerusalem departure 284–5

    Montgisard victory 255

    negotiations with Saladin 278–80

    Saladin's siege of Tiberias 268

    Springs of Cresson battle 266–7

    Tiberias meeting 265–6

Banu Ammar, clan 162

Banu Munqidh, clan 161

Banu Musa brothers 51–2

Baphomet head 347, 357–8

Bari 54, 55, 229

Basilius Bar Shumanna, Edessan leader 167

Baybars, Mameluke sultan

becomes sultan 315

    conquests 316–18, 322

    death 321

    La Forbie battle 313

    religious policy 316

    successor 321, 324

    supplies from Italy 320

    ten-year truce 319, 324

    troops 315–16

Beaufort, castle 219, 316, 317

Bede, Venerable 241

Bedouins

    Acre siege 292

    arrival of Turkish nomads 80

    attacks on pilgrims 78, 123

    cavalry with Frankish forces 312

    meaning of 38

    Qarmatian sect 62

    raids 77, 317

    Saladin's army 234, 297

    united by Mohammed 19, 22

Beirut, fall to Saladin (1187) 276

Bekaa valley, Lebanon 128

Belen Pass 150–51, 220

Benedictine order 83, 93

Berbers 29–30, 40, 64, 87, 177

Berengaria, wife of Richard I 294

Bérenger Frédol, cardinal 359–60

Bernard of Clairvaux

career 135–6

    defence of Templars (
De Laude
) 139, 142, 143, 321

    description of Templars 192

    disapproval of Eleanor 183–4, 185

    foundation of Templar order 135, 137

    Latin Rule for Templars 137–8

    Second Crusade 173, 174–7, 189, 190, 191, 240

    uncle 179

Bernard the Monk, pilgrim 54–6, 58, 125

Bernold of Constance, chronicler 90–91

Bertrand of Blancfort, Grand Master 210

Bethany, pilgrimage centre 239–41

Bethgibelin, fortress and village 150, 151, 152, 154

Bethlehem

arrival of crusaders 111, 112, 120

    Church of the Nativity 12, 111

    pilgrimage to 11, 131

    surrender to Christians 306

Bilbeis

capture by Franks 213

    siege (1164) 210

Bohemond, prince of Taranto

    capture of Antioch 109

    crusade leadership 103, 104

    prince of Antioch 110, 121

    victory over Turks 107

Bohemond III, prince of Antioch 210

Boniface VIII, pope 335–6, 337, 338–9, 340, 352

Bonomel, troubadour 322

Brindisi 229

Bryer, Anthony 303

Bryrdn, patrician 23

Byzantine Empire

    appeal to West (1074) 81, 82

    appeal to West (1091) 89

    appeal to West (1095) 90–91

    Arab invasions 23–5, 29, 36–7

    Armenia 73, 75

    First Crusade 106–7, 109, 112, 256

    Fourth Crusade 227, 301–3

    Frankish alliance 212–13, 257

    Greek Church 54, 81

    Greek culture 51–2

    Jerusalem campaign 61–2

    jihad against 36, 59