The Tragedy of the Templars (56 page)

    established 119, 125–6

    factional disputes 264–5

    forces 204

    frontiers 220, 258

    territory 219

Jesus

    baptism 124, 223

    Bethany associations 239

    Cathar belief 247

    crucifixion 197, 201, 240

    followers 109

    footprints 33, 130

    Holy Sepulchre stories 69

    human and divine natures 40–41

    Koranic view 35

    Mary Magdalene 240–41, 247

    nature of 12–13, 21, 40–41, 246

    pilgrimage sites 11–12, 129–32, 139, 317

    role in Gnostic belief 245

    Templar denial ritual 350–51

    Temple prophecy 9

    tomb 60, 68, 197

Jews

    Acre population 300

    Anti-Semitism 69–70, 105, 176

    conversion to Islam 67

    crusading violence against 105–6, 114, 176

    dress 49

    Egyptian population 237–8

    employment by Fatimids 65, 80, 238

    expulsion from France 346, 352

    Jerusalem survivors 116

    Languedoc population 246

    Mohammed's relationship with 20–21, 282

    Palestine population 14, 23, 65, 80

    persecutions by al-Hakim 66–7, 237–8

    prophets 25, 39, 46

    refugees from Jerusalem 80, 86

    restrictions on 49, 50, 334

    revolt against Romans 9

    status in Muslim society 39, 40, 49, 156

    Temple
see
Temple Western Wall prayers 9–10, 148

jihad

    against Byzantine Empire 36, 59–60

    against Muslim rivals 164–5, 195, 208, 211, 236–7, 248, 262, 334

    Alp Arslan's position 75

    concept 4, 22

    conquest of Edessa 169, 172

    Mameluke 230, 334, 335

    Nur al-Din's 164, 192, 194–5, 208, 211, 237, 248, 280–81

    origins 3–4

    propaganda 3, 187, 195, 208, 236, 276, 278–9

    Saladin's 2–3, 164, 192, 236, 237, 248, 262–3, 276, 278–80, 334

    Saladin's forces 267

    Zengi's 164–5, 169, 194, 237, 248

jizya
(poll tax) 25, 31, 39, 49, 55, 280

John, king of England 227, 231

John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem 61

John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem 303, 305

John of Salisbury, author and diplomat 189

John Tzimisces, Byzantine emperor 62

John of Würzburg, pilgrim 148, 196, 199, 241

Jordan, River

    baptism of Jesus 124

    Kurds crossing 293

    pilgrims to 124–5, 131, 223

    Saladin's crossing 267–8

    Templar castles 222, 223, 258–9, 317

Joscelin II, count of Edessa 165–7, 169–70, 209, 209

K

Kaaba 19–20, 21, 26, 33–4, 62

al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt 304, 306–7, 309

Kara Arslan, Artuqid ruler 165 165

Karbala, battle (680) 44

Kemal al-Din, Syrian chronicler 251

Kerak, castle 261

Kerbogha, Turkish governor of Mosul 109

kharaj
(land tax) 31

Khaybar, battle 282

Khorezmian Turks 311–13

Kilij Arslan, sultan of Rum 107

Kipchak Turks 311

Koran

    commentators 35–6

    Jewish prophets claimed by 25–6

    on
dhimmis
39, 46

    on direction of prayer 26

    on early Islam 20–21 on jihad 3–4

    on Night Journey 68–9, 280

Krak des Chevaliers design 219

    Hospitaller fortress 221, 261

    improvements forbidden 307

    Saladin's campaigns 292

    site 221–2, 248, 261

    surrender to Baybars 316–17, 318

Kurds 210–11, 233–4, 293

L

La Forbie, battle (1244) 313

Landolfo Brancacci, cardinal 358–60

Lane-Poole, Stanley 292

languages

    Arabic 31, 47–8, 51, 120, 146, 234, 242

    Armenian 146, 242

    Coptic 30–31

    First Crusade 108

    Frankish 156

    Greek 13, 15, 30, 51, 81, 85, 146, 242

    Latin, 15, 52, 81, 85

    learned by Franks 120, 146, 157, 242

    Persian 48, 74, 80

    Saladin's 234

    Syriac 30, 85, 146, 242

    translations 85, 51–2

    Turkish 80, 146, 234

Languedoc

    annexed to French crown 248

    Arab occupation 46

    Cathars 246, 248

    Jews 246

    Templars 246

Latakia

    Byzantine capture (970) 61

    fall to Qalaun (1287) 324

    fall to Saladin (1188) 292

    Muslim control 287

    pilgrims at 78

Lazarus 239, 241

Lebanon

    Bekaa valley 128

    Byzantine rule 15

    Mameluke campaigns 316

    Maronites 335

    religious restrictions 334–5

    Templar castle 317

el Leithy, Tamer, historian 211

Leo III, Byzantine emperor 37

Leo I (the Great), pope 41

Leo III, pope 52

Leontius of Byzantium, writer 14

Leopold, duke of Austria 303

Lisbon, siege and fall (1147) 177–8, 185

London

    first Templar house 136

    Temple (New Temple) 226, 227, 231, 232

    Temple Church 231, 264

Louis VII, king of France 231

    army 179–82, 297

    borrowing from Templars 182, 227

    character 173

    marriage 173, 182–3

    Paris Temple visit 178

    return from crusade 189, 191

    Second Crusade 173–5, 178–83, 186–9

    Templar letters to 210, 214

Louis IX (St Louis), king of France 300, 313–14, 320, 338, 353

Louis XVI, king of France Ludolph of Suchem 323–4, 326, 328

Lyon, Church Council (1274) 319–20, 336

M

Ma'arra, siege 111

Magna Mahomeria, settlement 154–5

Mamelukes

    Abbasid army 46, 59

    Acre capture (1291) 326–8

    Baybars' conquests 316–17

    Baybars' sultanate 315–16, 326

    capture of Louis IX 314

    coastal destruction policy 298, 329–30

    conquest of Templar fortresses 329

    engagements with Mongols 315, 324, 335

    forces 315–16

    insurrections against 333

    Italian trade with 320, 331

    jihad 334, 335

    La Forbie battle 313

    origins 230, 310–11, 315, 320

    Qalaun's agreements with Franks 324

    Qalaun's sultanate 321

    Ruad assault 337–8

    Saladin's army 267

    Saladin's bodyguard 234

    al-Salih's army 312–13

    seize power in Egypt 230, 288, 314

    Springs of Cresson battle 266–7

    Templar strategy against 320

Mamun, Abbasid caliph 49–50, 51

Manichaeanism 63, 244–5, 246

Mannassas, general 186

Mansoura, battle (1250) 313–14

Mansur, Abbasid caliph 45, 49

al-Mansur Ibrahim, prince of Homs 310, 312–13

Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 179, 180, 212, 213, 256, 257

Manzikert, battle (1071) 71, 76, 81, 256, 303

al-Maqrizi, Egyptian historian 42–3

Mar Saba Greek Orthodox monastery 48, 52

Maraclea, Templar raids (1300) 336

Margat (Marqab), castle 219, 248, 292, 307, 324, 330

Maria Comnena, wife of Amalric 212

Maria Paleologina, daughter of Byzantine emperor 336

Marie, countess of Champagne 183–4

Marino Sanudo 249

Marj Rahit, battle (684) 30

Marseille

    Acre trading community 289, 323

    Templar fleet 229

Martin IV, pope 320–21

Martina, wife of Heraclius 17–18

Marwan II, Umayyad caliph 43–4

Mary Magdalene 239–42, 247

Masyaf, Assassin castle 159, 248, 250

Matilda, queen, wife of Stephen 225

Matthew of Edessa, historian 117

Maundrell, Henry 330

mawalis
(converts) 38–9, 44

Mecca

    caravans 19, 261

    defeat of al–Zubayr 30

    direction of prayer 21, 26–7, 160, 244

    holy city 36, 68, 334

    Kaaba 19–20, 26, 62

    Mohammed's life 20–22, 33, 282

    Night Journey 33–4

    pilgrimage to 243

    ports for 261, 272

    Umayyad family 28, 32

Medina (formerly Yathrib)

    holy city 36, 68, 334

    Mohammed's life 20–21

    Muslim capital 25

    Night Journey 34

    ports for 261, 272

Melisende, queen of Jerusalem accession 147

    Armenian alliance 151

    Bethany buildings 239–40

    Church of the Holy Sepulchre 198

    Damascus alliance 162

    death of husband 185

    family 147, 166, 186, 240, 265

    grant to Templars 152

    joint rule with son 206

    marriage 132

    palace 147

    regency 206

Melitene, fall (933) 60

Messina 229, 294

Methodius of Patara, bishop 84

Michael VII Ducas, Byzantine emperor 81, 82

Michael VIII Paleologus, Byzantine emperor 336

Michael Rabo, Syrian Orthodox patriarch of Antioch 168, 170–71

Michael the Syrian, Jacobite patriarch of Antioch 141, 142, 238

Milan, Edict of 10

Milites Templi
(papal bull) 140
Militia Dei
(papal bull) 140

Militia Sancti Petri 83

Milvian Bridge, battle 10

Mohammed

    Companions 20, 28

    daughter 28

    death 19

    descendants 44

    footprint 33

    life 20–22

    Night Journey 2, 27, 33–4, 36, 68, 278, 280–81, 334

    praying towards Mecca 26

    relics 94

    view of Jewish and Christian prophets 46

    view of Zoroastrians 46

Mongols 314–15, 324, 335–7, 340

Montferrand, siege 163–4

Montfort, surrender to Baybars 317

Montgisard, battle (1177), 254–6, 258

Montségur, castle 247–8

Mosul

    Saladin's control 263, 264

    seized (1174) 236

Mount of Olives 33, 52, 130

Muawiya, Umayyad caliph 28–9, 33

Muin al–Din Unur, Turkish ruler of Damascus 158, 160, 162, 169, 187, 207

al-Muizz, Fatimid caliph 66

Mujin al-Din Ibn al–Sufi 207–8

Muntasir, Abbasid caliph 59

al-Muqaddasi, chronicler 128

Muqaddasi, Mohammed ibn Ahmed, geographer 32, 35

Muslim, term 38

Mutawakkil, Abbasid caliph 50, 59

Myriokephalon, battle (1176) 256–7, 303

N

Nablus

    Melisende at 206

    truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309

    Turkish raids (1113, 1137) 129, 133

al-Nasr Mohammed, Mameluke sultan 334

Nazareth 62, 139, 266, 316

Nestorianism 40–41, 239

Nicaea

    First General Council of 13

    siege and fall (1097) 107

Nicene Creed 13

Nicholas IV, pope 321

Nicophorus Phocas, Byzantine emperor 61, 62

Nizam al-Mulk, chief minister to Alp Arslan 75

North Africa 29–30

Nubians 235, 310

Nur al-Din, son of Zengi

    accession 169

    Antioch campaign 214

    Antioch saved from 193–4

    assaults on Muslim rivals 162, 164–5, 195

    capture of Egypt 213–14

    Damascus relations 187, 188, 207–8, 237

    death 236

    dynastic ambition 162, 164

    Egyptian rule 235, 236

    Egyptian strategy 209–10, 211–12

    Inab siege 193

    jihad 164, 192, 194–5, 208, 211, 237, 248, 280–81

    Kurdish forces 210–11, 233

    Second Crusade 182, 186

    Sunni 195, 211, 233, 245

    threat to Outremer 196, 198, 210, 218, 220

    Tortosa destruction 221

    treaty with Jerusalem 208

    tribute to Franks 208

O

Odo of Montfaucon, Templar knight 178–9

Odo of Wirmis, Templar brother 224–5

Old Man of the Mountain 248, 250, 251

Omne Datum Optimum
(papal bull) 139–40

Osto of St Omer, Templar knight 178

Oultrejourdain 261

Outremer

    Acre capital 300

    Acre fall 328, 331

    agreement with Saladin 299–300

    agriculture 155

    Armenian alliance 151

    Byzantine relations 257

    castles 218–20

    Christian population 195

    coast 133, 288, 289, 299, 329–30

    Damascus policy 309–10

    defence of 200, 214

    encirclement of 188, 214, 264, 315

    fall 127, 230, 329

    Fifth Crusade 303–4