The Tragedy of the Templars (52 page)

1
    Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 59.

2
    Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 186.

3
    El-Leithy, ‘Coptic Culture and Conversion in Medieval Cairo'.

4
    Gervers and Powell, ed.,
Tolerance and Intolerance
, p. 57.

5
    Wilkinson,
Egeria's Travels
, pp. 150–51.

6
    Leo the Great, Homily XXXIII, in Haskins,
Mary Magdalen
, p. 96.

7
    John of Würzburg, in Gervers and Powell, ed.,
Tolerance and Intolerance
, p. 108.

8
    Gerard of Nazareth, in Gervers and Powell, ed.,
Tolerance and Intolerance
, p. 110.

9
    See Ellenblum,
Frankish Rural Settlement
, pp. 27–30.

10
  Ibn Jubayr,
Travels of Ibn Jubayr
, pp. 316–7.

11
  Ibid., p. 317.

12
  Ibn Jubayr, in Hitti,
History of Syria
, p. 622.

13
  Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, in Barber,
The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320
, p. 175.

14
  Stoyanov,
The Other God
, p. 279.

15
  Lewis,
The Assassins
, p. 111.

16
  William of Tyre, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans.,
The Templars
, p. 76.

17
  Walter Map, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans.,
The Templars
, p. 77.

1
    William of Tyre,
Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum
, XXI, 1–2,
Patrologia Latina
201, 813–15; repr. trans. Brundage,
The Crusades: A Documentary History
, pp. 141–3.

2
    Ralph of Diss, in Nicholson,
The Knights Templar
, p. 66.

3
    Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 369

4
    William of Tyre,
A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
.

5
    Saunders,
Aspects of the Crusades
, p. 35.

6
    Ernoul, in Ellenblum,
Crusader Castles
, p. 262.

7
    Ronnie Ellenblum of The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, who led the excavation at Jacob's Ford, in the Arcadia Entertainment press release for their National Geographic Channel programme
Last Stand of the Templars
, 30 March 2011.

8
    Ellenblum,
Crusader Castles
, chapter 16.

9
    Ellenblum in the Arcadia Entertainment press release for their National Geographic Channel programme
Last Stand of the Templars
, 30 March 2011.

10
  William of Tyre, quoted in Barber,
New Knighthood
, p. 98.

11
  Gervers and Powell, ed.,
Tolerance and Intolerance
, p. 13.

12
  Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 240.

13
  Ehrenkreutz,
Saladin
, p. 237.

14
  Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 194.

15
  Ibid., p. 241.

16
  The sources give various figures for the two armies but generally they state that the Muslims outnumbered the Christians by two or three to one.

17
  Anonymous,
De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum
, pp. 155–6.

18
  Ibid., p. 157.

19
  Genoese consuls to Pope Urban III, late September 1187, in Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 82.

20
  Anonymous,
De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per
Saladinum, p. 159.

21
  Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, pp. 135–6.

22
  Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi, quoted in William J. Hamblin, ‘Saladin and Muslim Military Theory', in B. Z. Kedar, ed.,
The Horns of Hattin
, proceedings of the second conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and Israel Exploration Society, London, 1992; online at www.DeReMilitari.org.

23
  Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, pp. 138–9.

1
    Terricus, grand preceptor of the Temple, to all preceptors and brethren of the Temple in the West, between 10 July and 6 August 1187, Barber and Bate, trans.
Letters from the East
, p. 78.

2
    Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem to pope Urban III, September 1187, Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 81.

3
    Ibn al-Athir, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the
Crusades, pp. 142, 140.

4
    Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 160.

5
    Ibn Shaddad, in Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 189.

6
    The Koran, trans. Arberry.

7
    Ibn al-Qaysarani, in Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 151.

8
    Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 150.

9
    Ibid., p. 188.

10
  Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 276.

11
  Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p.163.

12
  Imad al-Din, in Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 301.

13
  Ibn Zaki, in Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 189–90.

14
  Ibid., p. 301.

15
  Al-Qadi al-Fadil, in Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 317.

16
  Imad al-Din, in Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 276.

17
 
The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre
, in J. Shirley,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text
, Ashgate, Aldershot, 1999, p. 64.

18
  The Frankish bezant had the same value as the Syrian gold dinar. Some sources express the ransom figure set by Saladin in dinars, others in bezants, but it amounts to the same thing. Some idea of the purchasing power of the bezant is given by Adrian Boas in
Domestic Settings
, where he states that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries a small house could be bought for 40 bezants in Cairo, for 80 bezants in Jerusalem and for as little as 25 bezants in Acre. Therefore the charge imposed by Saladin on pilgrims wishing to visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre amounted to anything from about half to an eighth of the value of a house. This iniquity ceased only in 1192 under terms imposed upon Saladin by Richard the Lionheart at the end of the Third Crusade.

19
  Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 163.

20
  Imad al-Din, in Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 277.

1
    Theoderich,
Description of the Holy Places
, trans Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London, 1896, vol. 5, p. 59.

2
    Translated from the Arabic of De Goeje's edition of
Ibn Jubayr's Travels
, pp. 302–3, quoted in Makhouly,
Guide to Acre
, p. 24.

3
    Terricus to Henry II of England, January 1188, in Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 84.

4
    Al-Maqrizi, in Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 380.

5
    Lane-Poole,
Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem
, p. 238.

6
   
Itinerarium
, quoted in Barber,
The New Knighthood
, p. 113.

7
    Richard I to William Longchamps, bishop of Ely and Chancellor, from Acre, 6 August 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 90.

8
   
Itinerary of Richard I
, In Parentheses Publications, York University, Ontario, 2001, p. 163.

9
    Richard I for general circulation, from Jaffa, 1 October 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 91.

10
  Ibn Shaddad, in Lane-Poole,
Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem
, p. 285.

11
  Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, ‘Between Cairo and Damascus', in Levy, ed.,
The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land
, p. 515.

12
  Richard I for general circulation, from Jaffa, 1 October 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 91.

13
  Asbridge,
The Crusades
, p. 460.

14
  Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, vol. 3, p. 130.

15
  Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Spider, the Owl and the Historian',
History Today
, vol. 51, issue 5, May 2001. Bryer is professor at the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, Birmingham University.

16
  Runciman, ‘Greece and the Later Crusades'.

17
  Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Spider, the Owl and the Historian',
History Today
, vol. 51, issue 5.

18
  Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, vol. 3, p. 190.

19
  Al-Kamil, quoted by the chronicler Ibn Wasil, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 271.

20
  Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, p. 361.

1
    Al-Jahiz,
Epistle Concerning the Qualities of the Turk
, ninth century, in Irwin,
The Middle East in the Middle Ages
, p. 6.

2
    Ibn Khaldun, in Petry,
The Cambridge History of Egypt
, p. 242.

3
    Thomas Bérard,
Flores Historiarum
, in Barber,
The New Knighthood
, p. 157.

4
    Ibn Abd al-Zahir, in Irwin,
The Middle East in the Middle Ages
, p. 42.

5
    Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 446.

6
    Hitti,
History of Syria
, p. 622.

7
    Ibn al-Furat, in Barber,
New Knighthood
, p. 167.

8
   
Gestes des Chiprois
, in Barber,
The New Knighthood
, pp. 241–2.

9
    Riley-Smith,
The Crusades: A History
, p. 206.

10
  Partner,
The Murdered Magicians
, pp. 34–5.

1
    Ludolph of Suchem,
Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither
, trans. Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London, 1895, XII, 54–61, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed.,
The Crusades
, pp. 266–7.

2
    Ibn Abd al-Zahir, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 337.

3
    The Templar of Tyre,
Gestes des Chiprois
, in Riley-Smith, ed.,
The Atlas of the Crusades
, p. 102.

4
    Abu al-Feda, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 342.

5
    Ludolph of Suchem,
Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither
, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed.,
The Crusades
, p. 268.

6
    Ludolph of Suchem,
Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither
, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed.,
The Crusades
, p. 271.

7
    Ibid., p. 271.

8
    Ibid.

9
    Ibid., p. 272.

10
  The Templar of Tyre,
Gestes des Chiprois
, in Barber,
The New Knighthood
, p. 178.

11
  Abu al-Feda, in Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 298.

12
  Henry Maundrell,
A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter AD 1697
, London, 1703, p. 17.

1
    Jacques de Molay to King James II of Aragon, from Limassol, 8 November 1301, in Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 168.

2
    Ghazan, Mongol Il-Khan of Persia, to Pope Boniface VIII, April 1302, in Barber and Bate, trans.,
Letters from the East
, p. 168.

3
    Mastnak,
Crusading Peace
, p. 244.

4
    Pope Clement IV to Templar Grand Master Thomas Bérard, 1265, in Barber,
The Trial of the Templars
, p. 17.

5
    Barber and Bate, ed. and trans,
The Templars
, p. 238.

6
    Partner,
The Murdered Magicians
, p. 36.

7
    Barber and Bate, ed. and trans,
The Templars
, p. 244.

1
    Alain Demurger,
The Last Templar
, Profile Books, London, p. 62.

2
    Barber,
Trial of the Templars
, p. 62.

3
    Ibid.

4
   
Itinerarium Symonis Semeonis ab Hybernia ad Terram Sanctam
, ed. M. Esposito,
Scriptures Latini Hiberniae
, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, 1960, vol. 4, pp. 96–8; quoted in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans.,
The Templars
, p. 23.

5
    Partner,
The Murdered Magicians
, p. 61.

6
    Deposition of Jacques de Molay, 24 October 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans.,
The Templars
, pp. 252–3.