Read The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology Online
Authors: Ray Kurzweil
Tags: #Non-Fiction, #Fringe Science, #Retail, #Technology, #Amazon.com
growth of, 324
longevity of, 325, 329
Mind Children
(Moravec), 24
“Minds, Brains, and Science” (Searle), 458
“Minds, Machines, and Gödel” (Lucas), 259, 376
miniaturization, 245, 407, 411
law of accelerating returns and, 42–43, 45, 57–61,
57–60
, 60, 73, 82–84,
82–84
, 96, 102
military and, 332, 334, 335
price-performance of electronics and, 111–112, 526
n
shrinking transistors and, 42–43, 45, 61, 76, 111–112, 113, 351, 434
see also
nanobots; nanotechnology
minimax algorithm, 275–277
Minsky, Marvin, 156, 177, 189, 202, 203, 228, 260, 289, 473, 497
n
, 539
n
, 570
n
, 582
n
Minteer, Shelley, 565
n
mirror system hypothesis, 190
missiles, 423
cruise, 255, 279–280, 335
guidance for, 255, 276, 279–280
MIT, 157, 285, 337
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of, 264
Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at, 332
Media Lab, 113, 221
Open Courseware of (OCW), 336
visual processing studies at, 186, 194
mitochondria, 219–220, 583
n
Mobile Robot Laboratory, 529
n
model constraints, 152
modernity, 387
Modis, Theodore, 19, 501
n
–503
n
, 507
n
Mohan, Anuj, 547
n
molecular assemblers, 228–231, 261
molecular circuits, 27
molecular computing,
see
three-dimensional molecular computing
molecular manufacturing, 11, 13, 226–231, 242, 250, 258, 422, 434, 457, 557
n
–558
n
body changes and, 310, 324, 372
cost of, 230–231, 338–339, 340
energy efficiency of, 245, 340
Foresight guidelines for, 418–419
goal of, 234
molecular assemblers and, 228–231, 261
safeguards for, 400
software design for, 231
molecular photography technique, 119
molecules, 14, 16, 85, 131, 383, 499
n
AGEs and, 220
brain uploading and, 199–200
“chaperone,” 209
design of, 483
in gas, 168
in ice chips vs. cup of water, 510
n
nanobots and, 28
money, 478
monkeys, 186, 193
Montemagno, Carlo, 234, 516
n
, 560
n
, 561
n
, 585
n
moon, energy harvesting on, 246
Moore, Gordon E., 56, 111–112, 485, 512
n
, 513
n
, 526
n
Moore, Patrick, 391, 414, 415, 598
n
, 601
n
Moore, T. B., 552
n
Moore’s Law, 35–36, 41–42, 56–72, 76, 114
criticism of, 66, 111–112
as fifth paradigm, 41, 66–72,
67
, 72, 112
semiconductor feature size reduction and, 57–66,
57–65
, 434
moral intelligence, 8, 192
morality, 369, 374–375, 379
Moravec, Hans, 148, 290, 464, 504
n
, 513
n
, 514
n
, 531
n
, 547
n
, 582
n
, 601
n
brain computational capacity estimated by, 123, 529
n
on evolution of computer power/cost, 68,
69
, 122
image processing and, 123, 187–188
robotics and, 24, 122, 123, 187–188, 205, 285
More, Max, 262, 369, 371, 373, 510
n
, 569
n
, 593
n
, 596
n
Moreau, René, 513
n
Morgenstern, Oskar, 499
n
Morris, Michael S., 355–356, 592
n
Morris, Tom, 485
mortgage applications, 284
Moshfegh, Allen, 333, 589
n
motion, 145
Brownian, 254, 388, 520
n
, 570
n
detection of, 123, 156, 188, 547
n
digital basis for, 86
of nanobots, 254
motor cortex, 175
motor neurons, 166, 180–181
motor skills, brain region for, 173
Mottaghy, F. M., 540
n
mousepox, 398
movies:
downloading of, 339–340
eye’s extraction of, 186–187,
187
see also specific movies
Moving Object and Transient Event Search System (MOTESS), 281
MP3 files, decoding of, 276
MP3 players, 312
MRAM (magnetic random-access memory), 119
MT (visual area), 185
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 372
multielectrode recording, 163
multiple sclerosis, 308, 555
n
multiple universes (parallel multiverses; “bubbles”), 15, 360, 362, 390, 499
n
–500
n
multiplication, neurons’ performing of, 155–156
Mumford, D., 547
n
Murakami, Shuichi, 530
n
muscles, 191, 210, 232, 552
n
cerebellum and, 179, 181, 260
virtual reality and, 314
Musgrave, Charles B., 562
n
, 563
n
music, musician(s), 145, 191, 194, 202, 498
n
as analog vs. digital phenomenon, 519
n
author’s father as, 327, 339, 497
n
of bands of cells, 297
brain plasticity and, 174, 176
downloading of, 100, 339
imagining of, 379
as knowledge, 372, 375
live performances by, 340
pattern and, 388
virtual reality and, 312
music players, 473
Mussa-Ivaldi, Ferdinando, 189
mutations, 46, 219
genetic algorithms and, 270, 539
n
in human evolution, 42, 92, 208, 506
n
, 539
mitochondrial, 219–220
protein and, 553
n
Mutschler, Ann Steffora, 526
n
mutual assured destruction, 402, 421
MYCIN system, 266–267
MYH1 gene, 506
n
Naam, Ramez, 299
Nagaosa, Naoto, 118–119, 530
n
nanobots, 28, 32, 33, 201, 232–238, 252
in biomass, 399–400, 425–426
in blood, 248, 253–257, 300, 303, 317, 377, 432, 472
blood-brain barrier and, 163–165
as brain extenders, 317
brain scanning with, 163–167, 197, 200, 262, 293
colonies of, 352–353
control of, 255, 406–407
defined, 163
in digestive system, 303–305
DNA, 236
in Drexler’s molecular assembler, 229–230, 231, 236–238
energy and, 246, 248, 249
fat and sticky fingers problem and, 236–238
foglets, 28, 29, 33, 310, 325, 506
n
GNR age impact and, 302–307, 352–353, 358, 398–400, 403, 409
human longevity and, 325
military’s use of, 300, 333, 400
programmable, 317
self-replication of, 232, 237, 256, 352, 398–400, 403, 409, 411–412, 416, 425–426
software viruses and, 406–407
strong AI and, 261–262
virtual reality and, 28, 29, 310, 313–317, 319, 377
wireless communications used by, 163,
233
, 303, 304, 316
nanocatalysts, 246, 252
nanocomputing, 139, 232–236,
233
, 412
limits of, 133–135, 349
nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), 309
nanofactories, 245, 340, 425
nanofilters, 246, 252
nanogrids, 117
nanolayers, 251
Nano Letters
, 113–114
nanoparticles, 242–243, 250–253
military’s use of, 332, 335
with recognition proteins, 583
n
nanostructures, 251
Nanosys, 250
Nanosystems
(Drexler), 228, 229–230, 234
nanotags, magnetic, 242
nanotechnology, 4, 27, 28, 84, 111, 141, 205, 206, 221, 226–259, 299–300, 323, 558
n
–568
n
biological assembler and, 231–232
biotechnology compared with, 227, 232, 251, 256, 257, 412
dangers of, 11, 206, 229, 230, 237, 241, 249, 251, 256, 334, 395, 398–400, 403, 408–419, 423
early adopters of, 242–243
economic effects of, 102, 245–246, 249–250, 257
energy based on, 133, 243–250, 340, 395, 397, 430, 434, 457
energy required for, 230, 238, 244, 245, 352
environment and, 229, 230, 250–253, 259
ethical issues and, 229
exponential growth and, 27, 73, 227, 396, 407, 558
n
fat and sticky fingers problem and, 236–238
foundations of, 139, 227–231
limits of, 133–135, 138
medicine and, 238, 242–243, 251, 253–255, 259, 300, 303–305, 377, 407
military use of, 300, 332–335
patents for, 84,
84
relinquishment of, 395, 411
in reversal of aging, 372, 373, 397
science citations of, 83,
83
self-replication and,
see
self-replicating nanotechnology
strong AI and, 261–262, 412, 426
technology hype cycle for, 263–264
thermal effects and, 238
threshold of, 60, 112
transportation and, 230, 246, 247, 252, 457–458
wealth creation from, 13, 107, 396–397
see also
molecular manufacturing
Nanotherapeutics, 243
nanotubes and nanotube circuitry, 27, 112–115, 122, 247, 248, 526
n
–528
n
, 558
n
carbon, 27, 113, 114, 229, 230, 234–235, 238, 246, 250, 375, 527
n
environmental applications of, 251, 253
self-assembly in, 112–113, 115–116, 528
n
nanoweapons, 300, 334–335
nanowires, 117, 121
Nantero, 114–115
narrow AI:
applications for, 276, 279–289, 293
defined, 92, 264
NASA, 24, 116, 235, 250, 280–281, 333
NASDAQ, 284
Nash, Ogden, 391
Nathanson, H. C., 516
n
National Cancer Institute, 282
National Nuclear Security Agency, 307, 533
n
, 585
n
natural selection, 21–22, 127, 195
nature:
molecular machines in, 231–232
technology’s emulating of, 146, 149, 479–483
transcendence and, 388, 389