The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (126 page)

iHex, 284

Illinois, University of, 115, 255, 335

image processing, 123, 187–188, 279, 445

imagination, 299, 318

imaging reporter genes, 216

imaging technology, 138, 163, 164

imitation, 190

immortality, 320, 324–325, 330, 370, 474

immune system, human, 217–220, 223, 255, 418, 425

immune system, technological, 241, 413

        nanotechnology-based, 400, 411–412, 417, 425–426

Immune Tolerance Network, 557n

impacts, GNR, 299–368, 583n–593n

        on body, 299–311, 583n–586n

        on brain, 307–309, 312–320, 586n–587n

        on human longevity, 320–330

        on intelligent destiny of the cosmos, 342–368, 590n

        on learning, 335–337, 589n

        panoply of, 299–300

        on play, 341–342

        on warfare, 330–335

        on work, 337–341

implants:

        neural,
see
neural implants

        pancreas, 124, 307, 530n

        to regulate insulin, 124, 243, 307, 530n

        retina, 185, 308, 585n

incompleteness theorem, 453–454, 601n

individuality, 375

industrialization, 28, 95, 122

industrial products, 215, 231, 245, 339

industrial revolution,
17, 18, 20
, 340, 409, 410

infant mortality, 321

infection, infectious disease, 165, 306, 335, 581n

        MYCIN system and, 266–267

        RNA interference and, 422, 552n

inferotemporal cortex, 186

Infineon chip, 195

information:

        accessibility of, 327–329, 338, 469

        alternation between analog and digital representations of, 519n

        in atomic structures, 14,
15
, 119, 131, 134, 536n

        biology’s intersection with,
see
biotechnology

        black holes and, 503n

        in brain and nervous systems,
15
, 16, 127, 148, 152, 179, 325, 440, 449

        caring for, 329–330

        cellular automata and, 85–91

        complexity and, 15, 36–40, 437

        
in DNA,
15
, 16, 38, 40, 117, 207, 232, 518
n

        epigenetic data as, 147

        evolution and, 14–16,
15

        fractal designs and, 46–47

        in genome, 46, 47, 206–207, 516
n
–517
n
, 522
n

        GNR age and, 84, 206–207, 210, 231, 245–246, 261

        in hardware and software,
15
, 16, 38

        in holograms, 148, 152, 172

        importance of, 85

        improvements in recording of, 40

        knowledge vs., 372, 375, 386

        limits on transfer of, 21

        longevity of, 325–330

        matter and energy’s relationship to, 86, 87, 522
n

        in “mesh” computing, 125

        military communications and, 332–333

        order as, 38–42

        patterns of, 5, 258, 460, 522
n

        physical world’s intersection with,
see
nanotechnology

        value determined by, 231, 245, 339

Information Mechanics
(Kantor), 518
n

information technologies (IT), 8, 41

        acceleration of,
see
accelerating returns, law of

        boom-and-bust cycles in, 13, 97, 103

        decline in cost of, 338, 469, 472

        demand for, 65,
65

        economic share of, 65, 107,
107
, 525
n

        energy as, 243, 457

        exponential growth of, 3, 9, 25, 35, 72, 84, 85, 109, 245–246, 265, 377, 383, 429, 433–435, 457, 469, 470, 491–496, 504
n

        paradigm shifts in, 429–430

        power (price-performance, speed, capacity, and bandwidth) of, 25, 27, 41, 84, 101, 102, 224, 377, 429, 432, 469, 470, 504
n

        prediction and, 432

        principles of Singularity and, 25–29

        reduction in adoption lag time for, 469, 472

        
see also
computers, computation; Internet

Ingber, Donald, 163

initiator (single design element), 46

innovation,
see
paradigm shifts; technology evolution

Innsbruck, University of, 121

insects, 415

        swarms of, 333

insider trading, 284

instinct, 293–294, 378

Institute for Advanced Study, 498
n
–499
n

Institute for Creative Technologies, 312

Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM), 598
n

Institute Workshop on Molecular Nanotechnology Research Policy Guidelines, 598
n

insula, right and left, 166, 193, 314

insulin, 168, 221, 255

        fat receptor gene and, 12, 303

        implantable devices for regulating of, 124, 243, 307, 530
n

insulinlike growth factors (IGFs), 215

integrated circuits, 56, 67, 71

        application-specific (ASICs), 125, 135, 276, 445

        nanotube-based,
see
nanotubes and nanotube circuitry

        as paradigm, 67,
67
, 75,
75
, 127–128, 434

        transistors on, 42–43, 56, 71, 76, 111–112, 114, 157, 351, 434

Integrated Fuel Cell Technologies, 247

integrator neurons, 166

Intel, 434

intellectual property (IP), 96, 105, 107, 339–340

        patents, 84,
84
, 106, 146, 525
n
, 533
n
, 537
n

intelligence, 4, 370, 372

        artificial,
see
artificial intelligence; narrow AI; strong AI

        biological,
see
biological intelligence

        emotional,
see
emotional intelligence

        extraterrestrial,
see
SETI

        human,
see
human intelligence

        military, 280, 281

        moral, 8, 192

        nonbiological,
see
nonbiological

intelligence intelligence quotient (IQ), 505
n

intelligent design, 360, 480–481

Intel processors:

        chip problems for, 456

        single-chip vs. dual-core, 129–130, 533
n
–534
n

        transistors in, 63,
63
, 66

intensive-care units, 255, 413, 435, 456

Interaction Gate, 534
n

interaural level difference (ILD), 184

interaural time difference (ITD), 123, 184

interferometry, 344

international cooperation, 423

International Society for BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology, 584
n

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), 57, 112, 126, 292

International Xenotransplantation Authority (IXA), 598
n

Internet, 261, 279

        access to knowledge via, 26, 32, 261, 286

        adoption of, 13, 95, 97, 264

        bandwidth of, 81,
81
, 263, 312, 472, 516
n

        bank transactions on, 102

        brain compared with, 152

        complexity and, 38

        dangerous information on, 392–393, 395, 594
n

        data traffic on, 80,
80
, 516
n

        decentralization and, 396, 406, 420

        education and, 336

        hosts, 78–79,
78, 79

        lock-in and, 430, 457

        nodes (servers) of, 13, 152, 263, 499
n

        skepticism about, 13, 263

        software viruses and, 255–256

        surveillance and, 413

        unused computational power of devices on, 125–126, 135, 278

        wireless communications and, 312, 346

        
see also
World Wide Web

Internet bubble, 13, 97, 263

Internet Software Consortium, 499
n

interneuronal connections, 163, 184, 430

        brain models and, 147–148, 174, 178, 428, 446

        complexity of, 428

        defined, 145

        growth in, 174

        information and, 47

        limits of, 26, 27, 129, 265, 270, 337, 445

        memory and, 126–127, 137, 329, 523
n

        nanobots and, 313, 316

        in newborns, 152

        number of, 8, 27, 129, 150, 440, 600
n

        patterns of, 260, 317, 337, 445, 463

        plasticity of, 175, 176

        reset time for, 124, 503
n
, 504
n

        simulations of, 122, 428, 530
n

        
see also
axons; dendrites

intracellular aggregates, 220

intracellular surgery, 162–163

inventions:

        of author, 1, 2–3, 370, 497
n

        of biological evolution, 5

        mass use of,
50
, 512
n

        textile automation, 507
n

        
see also specific inventions

invention stage, 51–52

inverse internal models, 179

investment, investing:

        automated, 265, 435

        capital for, 96, 106, 339, 395, 524
n

        in defensive technologies, 408, 417, 418, 422

        lock-in and, 429–430, 457–458

in vitro fertilization, 340

Iraq, Desert Storm campaign in (1991), 284

Iraq war, 280,
331
, 332

I-Robot, 333

irreversible computing, 130, 132, 245

Ishiyama, Kazushi, 304, 584
n

islet cells, pancreatic, 124, 168, 213, 223, 255, 557
n

isogenic replacement cells, 556
n

Jacobi, C.T., 535
n

Jacobstein, Neil, 598
n

Jacoby, Mitch, 536
n

Jaffee, E. M., 554
n

Jahnke, A., 575
n

Jaiswal, J. K., 586
n

Jansen, Jac J., 587
n

Japan, life expectancy in, 408

Jefferson Airplane, 300, 315

Jenkins, D. E., 342

Jensen, R. J., 585
n

jet engines, design of, 270, 271

jet propulsion, 138

Jobling, Mark A., 549
n

Johanson, D., 502
n

Johns Hopkins University, 398

Johnson, M., 553
n

Johnson, R. Colin, 528
n
, 586
n

Johnston, M. V., 539
n

Joint Forces Command, U.S., Project Alpha of, 333

Jones, Douglas, 515
n

Jones, Tanya, 598
n

Joy, Bill, 12, 391, 394–395, 409, 411, 417, 595
n
, 598
n

Joyce, Gerald F., 235–236

Judson, Horace F., 550
n

Jung, Carl, 382

Jupiter, 280, 349