The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (127 page)

Justice Department, U.S., 284

Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 557
n

Kaczynski, Ted, 32, 410, 411, 597
n

Kahle, Brewster, 588
n

Kahn, Ron, 303

Kalaugher, Liz, 528
n

Kamat, Prashant V., 567
n

Kandel, Eric R., 544
n

Kanellos, Michael, 526
n
, 529
n

Kanerva, Pentti, 172

Kant, Immanuel, 335

Kantor, Frederick W., 518
n

Kapor, Mitch, 295

Kardashev, N. S., 344, 590
n

Kasparov, Gary, 8, 275, 277–278, 292

Kass, D. A., 555
n

Kass, Leon, 470

Katz, Lawrence, 523
n
, 539
n

Kauffman, Stuart, 509
n

Keklak, John, 580
n

Keller, Helen, 341

Kelly, Jeffrey W., 550
n

Kelly, T. Ross, 234, 560
n

Kempermann, G., 177, 544
n

Kempf, Karl, 513
n

Kennedy, James, 589
n

Kennedy, John F., 1, 401

Kennedy, Robert, 596
n

Kentucky, University of, Institute for Molecular Manufacturing at, 240

Kephart, Thomas W., 356, 592
n

Kevlar, 332

key events, of biological and technological evolution, 16–20,
17–20
, 36, 501
n
–503
n

        canonical milestones, 19,
20
, 502
n

        in “Countdown to Singularity” charts, 17–18,
17, 18
, 501
n

        increase-in-complexity criteria for, 36–40, 507
n

        paradigm shifts for fifteen lists of, 18,
19
, 501
n
–502
n

        punctuated equilibrium and, 44–45, 510
n
–511
n

Kharif, Olga, 586
n

kidneys, 223, 305, 418

Kim, J. J., 545
n

Kim, Seong-Gi, 540
n

kinematic cellular automata, 235

kinematic machine replication, 228, 229, 558
n
–559
n

kinesthetic sensory management, 166

King, Neil, Jr., 598
n

Klar, H., 575
n

Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers, 395

Klenow, Peter, 100, 525
n

Klibanov, A. M., 239, 562
n

Klimov, V. I., 566
n

Kling, Ross D., 581
n

Knapp, Louise, 565
n

“knee of the curve,” 9,
10
, 97, 154

Knight, Will, 528
n
, 530
n
, 534
n
, 589
n

knowledge, 25, 341, 358, 375, 498
n

        backing up of, 323

        brain limits and, 9

        commonsense, 177, 267, 292

        creation of, 300

        downloading of, 300, 337

        economy and, 96, 97

        exponential growth of, 9, 73, 105, 302, 396

        human learning of, 26, 293–294

        information technologies’ encompassing of, 8, 85

        information vs., 372, 375, 386

        innate (instinct), 293–294

        Internet access to, 26, 32, 261, 286

        limits on pursuit of, 391

        loss of, 372, 386

        medical, 282, 283, 396

        number of expert “chunks” of, 126

        as pattern, 323, 386

        personality uploading and, 124

        respect for, 424

        technology’s sharing of, 20, 26, 145, 202–203, 260

Koch, Christof, 194, 450, 532
n
, 538
n
, 600
n

Koehler, Kenneth R., 505
n

Kokinov, Boicho, 569
n

Konarka, 250

Korean War, 330,
331

Kortum, Samuel, 524
n

Koumura, N., 560
n

Krag, Tomas, 533
n

Kramer, Peter D., 169, 541
n

Kramnik, Vladimir, 274–275, 277–278

Krauss, Lawrence, 590
n

Krazit, Tom, 526
n

Kristula, Dave, 516
n

Kurzweil, Allen, 319, 587
n

Kurzweil, Fredric, 1, 211

        archive of, 326–327

        as musician, 327, 339, 497
n

Kurzweil, Hannah, 1, 2, 497
n

Kurzweil, Ray (author), 504
n
, 505
n
, 544
n
, 548
n
, 550
n
, 580
n
, 582
n
, 592
n
, 593
n
, 594
n
, 595
n
, 599
n

        biochemical programming of, 211–212

        biological age of, 211

        childhood of, 1–3

        Chinese Room of, 465–466

        congressional testimony of, 422

        as cybernetic totalist, 380–381, 435

        daughter of, 315

        health of, 211, 225

        information collecting of, 326–328

        as inventor, 1, 2–3, 370, 497
n

        
as materialist, 388, 394, 431, 473–474

        as patternist, 5, 386, 388, 474

        religious upbringing of, 1, 2

        as Singularitarian, 368, 370–373

        technology models of, 3

        as technology optimist, 393, 395

        virtual-reality persona experienced by, 314–315

        as writer, 3, 370, 497
n
;
see also specific books

KurzweilAI.net, 279, 489–490, 497
n
, 580
n

Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI), 570
n
, 599
n

Kurzweil Computer Products, 97, 570
n

Kurzweil Education Systems, 337, 589
n

Kurzweil Technologies, 282

Kurzweil Voice, 599
n

Kurzweil Voice Report, 570
n

Kwong, K. K., 540
n

labor productivity, 100, 101

La Cerra, P., 539
n

Lahn, Bruce T., 506
n
, 510
n

Laino, Charlene, 581
n

Lamina 1 neurons, 193, 314

laminar structures, 160

Lamm, Dick, 321

Lamoreaux, Steve K., 139–140, 537
n

Landauer, Rolf, 130, 534
n

language, 26, 260, 276

        AI applications for, 286–288

        brain region for, 173, 175, 190

        evolutionary algorithms and, 92

        origin of, 190

        Rosetta Disk and, 588
n

        translation of, 288, 292, 313, 337

        Turing test and, 272, 286, 288, 292, 295, 461, 464

        written,
17, 18, 20
, 36, 44, 48, 286, 338, 536
n

        
see also
Chinese Room analogy; speech recognition

Lanier, Jaron, 380, 386, 456, 469

        criticism from software and, 435, 436, 440–441

        on lock-in, 457

Lanza, R. P., 557
n

laptop computers, 133–136, 337, 349, 362

laser light, computing with, 113, 119–120

Lasota, Jean-Pierre, 503
n

Lassiter, L. K., 554
n

Latif, Sajid, 336

Lauhon, L. J., 561
n
, 562
n

Laurent, Gilles, 168

law, legal system, 374–375, 379, 416

law enforcement organizations, 413, 421

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 235

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 307, 533
n
, 585
n

LDL cholesterol, 554
n

learning, 120, 143, 152, 202, 260, 293–294, 317

        AI and, 294

        basis functions and, 179

        computer, 146

        GNR impact on, 335–337, 589
n

        of handwriting movements, 181

        neural, Hebb’s theories of, 156–157, 170–171

        neural, Svoboda’s research on, 171–172

        online, 300

        to read, 175, 337, 589
n

        by robot scientists, 283

        synaptic plasticity and, 169, 541
n

        of visual-spatial relationships, 175

“Leary, Timothy,” 31, 318, 368

LeDoux, Joseph, 169, 541
n

Lee, Hyojune, 563
n
, 564
n

Lee, San-Hee, 218–219

Leibniz, G. W., 167, 376, 458

Lenat, Doug, 267

Lenslet, 120

Lerner, Josh, 524
n

leukemia, 215

Lewis, J. D., 554
n

Li, Chao, 529
n

Liao, Shiping, 235, 560
n

Liao, Yihau, 575
n

liberty, 421–422, 424

Libet, Benjamin, 191

libido, 318

libraries, 279, 393, 594
n

Lie, Dieter C., 544
n

Lieber, Charles M., 528
n

Lien, Hsing-Lung, 567
n

life, 86, 377, 501
n

        evolution of,
17, 18, 20
, 47, 207–210

        fragility of, 408

        length of, 9, 13, 98, 141, 205, 210–215, 218–221, 241, 259, 302, 323–324, 338, 371, 372, 383, 408, 415

        meaning of, 7, 311, 372, 470, 485

        origins of,
15
, 16,
17

        purpose of, 370, 372

Life
(game), 520
n

light:

        black hole and, 23, 486, 503
n

        
computing with, 113, 119–120

        foglets’ control of, 310

        nanotechnology-based, 245, 252

light, speed of, 26, 41, 119, 133, 351–357, 520
n

        superseding of limit of, 21, 29, 139–140, 300, 353–356, 366, 503
n
, 511
n

        wormholes and, 354–356

Lindquist, Susan, 117, 176

linear growth:

        of evolution, 18, 18, 501
n

        exponential growth vs., 8, 10–14, 10, 97–98, 108, 109, 137

Lineweaver, Charles H., 592
n

Linux, 533
n

Lipitor, 217

liposomes, 216

Lisberger, S. G., 545
n

literature, 375, 498
n

        
see also
poetry

liver, 307

liver cells, 223, 557
n

liver disease, 418

liver metastases, 552
n

Llinas, Rodolfo, 189, 544
n
, 545
n

Lloyd, Seth, 133–134, 342, 435, 451, 535
n
, 590
n
, 593
n

        on universe-scale computer, 364–365, 592
n

Loan Arranger, 284

local optimization, 309

lock-in, criticism from, 429–430, 457–458

Loebner Prize contest, 294

logic, 119, 309, 481

        limits to, 453–454